Drinking And Smoking In Students

Drinking And Smoking In Students This chapter reviews the literature in relation to drinking and smoking behaviour. It also looks at the concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco within student life. For the purpose of this study the author had two research objectives, which were, to explore the reasons students consume alcohol and smoke tobacco and to investigate the relationship between both. Numerous studies have shown an association between cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. The National Institute of Health (2010) found that even small amounts of alcohol boost the pleasurable effects of nicotine, inducing people to smoke more when drinking alcoholic beverages. Medical profession have highlighted that the alcohol dose dependent effect increases the urge to smoke. Data from epidemiological studies have shown that people who drink alcohol are more likely to smoke and the heavier the drinking pattern, the heavier the smoking. (King, 2005) (Page number) Findings from Kings study (2005) indicate that smoking urge is higher after consuming four alcohol drinks in comparison to the lower urges after consuming two alcohol drinks, and increases were not observed after consuming a placebo beverage In other words, The greater the alcohol consumption, the greater the urge to smoke (Page Number) Research has indicated that links to alcohol addiction may be heredity. Findings from the Granada study believe that heredity may be responsible for almost 50% of the likelihood that a person will become addicted to alcohol. Alcoholism and Drug Addiction group whom carried out the study at the University of Granada revealed that the lack of beta-endorphins, which is hereditary, marks a genetic weakness to alcoholism. The studies findings indicate that an individuals brain with low beta-endorphin levels becomes accustomed to the presence of an external surplus, diminishing its own supply and triggering dependence on the external source -in this case, alcohol. Beta-endorphin is a kind of morphine released by the brain in response to several situations, such as pain. In this way, beta-endorphins can be considered an endogenous pain reliever to numb or dull pains. According to Josà © Rico Irles (Year and page number) head of research at the university, although alcohol consumption does not affect all people in the same way, differences in beta-endorphin levels make some subjects more vulnerable to alcohol. Therefore, they are more likely to become alcohol dependent. 1.2 Alcohol Behaviour According to Alcohol Action Ireland (2010), over one in four accident and emergency cases have alcoholà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœrelated injuries. Alcohol is also a factor in one in four traumatic brain injuries. Research carried out by Alcohol Action Ireland found that alcohol related deaths increased between 1995 and 2004. Ethanol (found in beer, wine and spirits) is the most commonly used alcohol consumed by humans. (International Centre for Alcohol Policies) According to Gossop two thirds of the US population drink alcohol. The average American spends more than 5% of their annual budget on alcohol, consuming 2.6 gallons of spirits, 2.2 gallons of wine, and 26.6 gallons of beer every year. Almost half of the UKs population over the age of 16 drink alcohol. (Gossop, 2007). An Irish survey carried out by CLAN indicates high-risk alcohol use is prevalent among college students, to the extent that profound binge drinking is seen as the norm of college life. The results from this survey demonstrate that this drinking culture is promoted in college, often with heavy drinkers being praised as die-hard revellers instead of being critiqued. The CLAN goes on to state that Irish third-level students spend more money a month on alcohol than they do on food and it clarifies speculation that regular binge drinking can wreck havoc on academic performance, as well as on social relationships. Controversially although Ireland has the highest rate of non-drinkers in Europe, (20%, in comparison to Germanys 5%) it also has one of the highest rates of alcohol consumption, at present topping the poll for binge-drinking statistics. (Alcohol-statistics-in-europe.com) According to Hope, Dring and Dring (2003) there were both positive and negative reasons as to why students drink. Positive reasons such as sociability relaxation and enjoyment occupy the dominant number of reasons people drink. One in four students reported having a drink with there meals, of which more females than males reported such a practice. However one in ten students used alcohol to forget worries and one in twenty used alcohol when they were anxious or depressed. More males than females said they drank just to be polite. Hope et al (2003) 1.3 Tobacco Behaviour The World Health Organisation (2010) states that tobacco is one of the greatest causes of preventable and premature deaths in human history and that it kills up to half of its users. The annual death toll of more than five million could rise to more than eight million by 2030 unless urgent action is taken to control the tobacco epidemic. According to the WHO, smoking is estimated to be the cause of approximately 7000 deaths in Ireland each year, chiefly by illness such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and emphysema. Smoking can also cause gum disease, bad breath, poor skin and yellow teeth. (WHO, 2010) According to Chick Cantwell, (2001) evidence suggests that smoking is mainly initiated originally by teenagers. The onset is usually the result of one or many of the following factors; curiosity, assertion of independence, rebelliousness, stress, and perhaps more than any other factor by peer pressure (Chick Cantwell, 2001). The CLAN surveys research findings show that everyone knows smoking is bad for your health, but there seems to be many harmful effects to which many smokers all around the world are still oblivious. For example; a survey in china found that only 68 percent of current smokers in China believe that smoking leads to lung cancer and only 36 percent believe that smoking causes coronary heart disease (Hope, et al. 2003). Another survey carried out in Britain showed that a shocking 99% of woman surveyed were unaware of the direct link between smoking and cervical cancer. (Gossop, 2007) 1.4 Alcohol and tobacco go hand in hand Mckee, Hinson, Rounsaville, Petrelli (2004) state that although research has shown that many young people dabble with substances such as alcohol and tobacco from as young as 13, substance use in relation to tobacco and alcohol has been reported to peak in early adulthood. The college years appear to be a time of increased risk for smoking initiation and movement into regular patterns of use. College smokers are more likely to be non-daily smokers, also known as party smokers. Alcohol and tobacco are known to be strongly related behaviours and the association between both substances seems to get stronger with the heavier use of either substances. Recent studies have found that smoking urges increase rapidly following heavy drinking, even among light smokers (King Epstein, 2005) Nichter, Nicthter, Carkoglu and Lloyd-Richardson (2010) suggests that virtually every college event and social occasion revolves around drinking and there is a significant distinction between party time and normal time, According to Nichter, et al (2010) (page number) parties were viewed as places to kick back, relax and chill and where everyday rules for behaviour didnt apply. The majority of party smokers believed that smoking while drinking was not really smoking and was therefore socially acceptable. This research highlights the commonality of smoking cigarettes as a behaviour that goes along with drinking. They found that some party smokers described drinking and smoking as going together like peanut butter and jelly or like milk and cookies. Nitcher explains at college parties and particularly in your freshman years, focus is on creating an image, getting noticed and also trying to fit in and be cool. For college males, smoking while having a drink helped a guy look really manly and gave off a bad boy image. Among females there is a powerful focus on being liked and a need to engage in similar behaviours to ones friends (Nichter et al., 2010). There are numerous functions of smoking and drinking described by Nitcher et al. (2010). One of which is Social Facilitation. A key reason for having a cigarette with a drink at parties is because smoking is usually done outside. Having a cigarette provides a reason to go outdoors with an individual or a group, therefore, the co-consumption of alcohol and tobacco aids social interaction. Alcohol diminishes ones level of willpower giving an individual the confidence to do things they would not normally do. The best crack at parties is usually outdoors so when individuals go outside to socialise with peers, instead of doing nothing, they are faced with the opportunity to join in with the rest of the crowd. Nichter et al. (2010) observed that when males were drinking with females it was sometimes difficult to maintain a conversation, but smoking a cigarette with a female, who was also smoking, seemed to smoothen out the conversation. One male interviewee noted: Its just easier to talk when Ive been drinking and smoking. A cigarette honestly just gives you a buzz and boosts your self confidence. It also gives you a minute to get your thoughts straight. Several party smokers described how the urge to smoke just comes when drinking. Nitcher et al. (2010) found that for novice smokers, after a couple of drinks, smoking cigarettes became physically easier to do. They tended to suffer less from throat irritation and coughed less. Drinking and smoking together also washed away the cigarettes bad taste. This research also found that another useful function of the concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco is the physical sensations experienced. Alcohol and smoking together create a buzz that is unattainable when either substance is taken separately. However, having a cigarette, while drinking, can also help an individual feel calmer, relaxed and more sober. Research has shown that despite the amount of social smoking party smokers might be involved in most party smokers did not want to become regular or real smokers. In fact, they believed that they were at little risk of dependency upon alcohol and tobacco. As one woman in a focus group commented People like me and my friends dont get addicted to either substance (Nichter et al., 2010) Given this naÃÆ' ¯ve belief among students, that they were not at risk for transitioning from social smoking to more regular patterns of use, it seems critical to educate students about the possibility of addiction, even if smoking at low levels. 1.5 Conclusion The above research indicates that there is a correlation between student drinking and smoking and it would appear that alcohol consumption can often lead to students use of tobacco. This is a prevalent health concern which the proposed research aims to explore. Research availability concerning levels and concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco is limited in an Irish context. The proposed research aims to highlight this relationship and

Efficient and Economical Forms of Team Processes

Purpose: The research aims to study key team processes, through which the team members share their individual knowledge, create shared understanding of the team, situation, task, leading to high team performance. The current research also aims to understand how teams adapt with team processes to high task load situation. Design/Methodology: Video recordings of Nuclear Power Plant operator teams’ activity have been used for collecting and analysing data. 16 operator teams had to follow the selected same scenario, including 96 team members’ interaction. The performance scores were made by the instructors’ evaluation. Team process categories were developed based on different theoretical, empirical frameworks of team processes and semi structured analyses of transcribed communication and video recordings. Results: Specific forms of team processes help team members to build a shared conceptualization of the faced problems, thus lead to higher team performance, such as: providing directions, summarizing, projecting to the future, coherent information flow. Economical forms of team processes may help to lessen and manage high task load situation. Limitations: Team performance evaluations were based on subjective assessments of performance. The study lacks explicit team knowledge measurements. Research/Practical Implications: The revealed team process categories may serve as a valuable input for team members’ social skill focused selection and development methods. Originality/Value: The study aims to capture team processes in a naturalistic and complex work environment. The analyses reveal how good performing teams manage unpredictable high task load situation with team processes from information, knowledge sharing perspective.

Report On Aspects of Employment Covered by Law Essay

Britain has a deficit crisis, from which the only escape route, is economic growth. Growth needs to be encouraged in every way possible.   I’m now working in Health and Social Care, it’s my first job here in the UK.I find that here in Great Britain has loads of legislation designed to ensure that discrimination on certain grounds is unlawful, and also protect workers like me. This report will cover pieces of aspects of employment covered by legislation relevant to this area, outlining why legislation relating to employment exists and the list of sources of information and advice about employment responsibilities and rights: The Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 consolidates the previous nine pieces of equality legislation based on protected characteristics to create, for the first time in Great Britain, unified equality legislation. The nine protected characteristics are: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. Among other things, the Act simplifies or clarifies the definitions of direct discrimination (including association and perception), indirect discrimination, harassment and victimisation and extends positive equality duties to public authorities which must have due regard to the need to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity, and foster good relations between different groups. The definition of disability under the law has changed such that a person who ahs a â€Å"physical or mental impairment that has long-term adverse effect on their ability don’t have to show that their impa irment affects a particular capacity. The definition of gender reassignment has also been change-stating that this apply to â€Å" a person who is proposing to undergo, is undergoing or has undergone process to change their sex†. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Sexual Discrimination Act of 1975 was introduced to protect individuals from discrimination on the grounds of gender. Sexual Discrimination can take many forms. It is essential to understand that sexual discrimination is judged to be unwanted attention by the victim of the behaviour, not the perpetrator. Discrimination was set out in two forms: Direct Discrimination- simply stated that one person is treated less favourably than another based on gender. Indirect Discrimination –on the other is quit complex, this takes place if a requirement or condition is imposed, which has nothing to with gender but in practices. The Sex Discrimination Act also made it unlawful; to discriminate on the ground of marital status. Equal Pay Act 1970/1975 It simply states that Men and Women should receive equal pay for work of equal value. Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Right Act 1998 was introduced by Parliament and came into force in October 200. There are different article in this Act. Theses include: Article 2- everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. Article 3- no one shall be subjected to degrading treatment. Article 5- everyone has the right to liberty and security of a person. Article 8-eeryone has the right to respect for his private and family life and his correspondence. Article 9- everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Article 12- men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and found a family. Article 14- the enjoyment of these rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Establishes the rights of all people arrested by the police. Detainees have the right to legal advice and right to notify person who is likely interested in their welfaire. Civil Partnership Act 2004 This establishes the right of same sex couples to enter into a civil partnership. This is not marriage but is a relationship of equivalent seriousness and commitment. Health and Safety Health and safety is important to every work that we do. The legislation of health and safety is generally covered by statutory regulations. These legislations are: Health and Safety at Work Act 19 74 Employers have a duty to ensure the health and safety at work for all employees, provide and maintain equipment and system in safe condition and provide information, training and supervision relating to health and safety at work. Managers have the duty to maintain a safe working environment for all staff, ensuring that staffs follow policies, procedures and instructions. Give well information about hazard and safe working to new members of staff and also to report or record any accidents. Employees have duty to follow rules and regulation at work, ensure that they use materials in recommended procedures and not misuses anything provided for health ,safety and welfare. Food Safety Act 1990 This applies wherever food is supplied other than within a family situation. This Act is a wide ranging piece of legislation which strengthened and updated existing laws relevant to food and safety. Holidays Annual leave entitlements should be agreed when an employee starts work, details of holidays and holiday pay should be found in the employee’s written statement or contract of employment. Most workers are legally entitled to 5.6 weeks paid holiday per year (this is known as statutory entitlement). Part time worker are entitled to the same amount of holiday (pro rota) as full time colleagues. Employers can set the times when workers can take their leave – for example a Christmas shut down. If employment ends workers have the right to be paid for any leave due but not taken. There is no legal right to paid public holidays Equal pay Employers must give men and women equal treatment in the terms and conditions of their employment contract if they are employed to do: ‘like work’ – work that is the same or broadly similar  work rated as equivalent under a job evaluation study Work found to be of equal value in terms of effort, skill or decision making. Employees are also entitled to know how their pay is made up. For example, if there is a bonus system, everyone should know how to earn bonuses and how they are calculated. National Minimum Wage Most workers in the UK over school leaving age are entitled to be paid at least the NMW. The NMW rates are reviewed each year by the Low Pay commission. Most workers will be entitled to the National Minimum Wage (NMW). Normally the NMW rate changes in October each year. There are no exemptions according to the size of business. HM Revenue & Customs can take employers to court for not paying the NMW. II. Outlining why legislation relating to employment exist: Legislation relating to employment exists to stop exploitation of workers by their employers mainly to protect the rights of their employee’s and to make sure that they have everything they need such as: * Minimum wage * Safety standards * Holiday entitlement * Maternity leave * Redundancy payments * Discrimination laws * Maximum working hours * Age requirement All employees need to have all good things that protect them from unscrupulous bosses. III. Sources of information and advice about employment and rights: * Contract- All employees have an employment contract with their employer. A contract is an agreement that sets out an employee’s: employment conditions rights responsibilities duties These are called the ‘terms’ of the contract. * Handbook- An employee handbook, sometimes also known as an employee manual or staff handbook, is a book given to employees by an employer. Usually, the employee handbook contains information about company policies and procedures. * Policy documents – is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an organization whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior executive officers. * Terms and conditions -Terms and conditions of employment are the elements of a contract which help to define the relation between an employer  and an employee * Job description – A broad, general, and written statement of a specific job, based on the findings of a job analysis. It generally includes duties, purpose, responsibilities, scope, and working conditions of a job along with the job’s title, and the name or designation of the person to whom the employee reports. Job description usually forms the basis of job specification.

Should College Tuition Be Free America Essay - 1267 Words

Why should college tuition be free in America? The majority of students who graduate leave their alma mater with two things: a degree and a large sum of debt. The current student debt in America is 1.2 trillion dollars. Graduate students account for nearly 40 percent of this debt. From 1985 to 2007 the amount of student debt increased by 7.9 percent. In 1994 the average student borrowed eleven thousand dollars for school. By 2014, however, that figure had increased to thirty-five thousand dollars. Students who attend a four-year university are not the only ones affected by student debt. Students who attend two-year intuitions are also affected by large amounts of debt. For starters, low-income students who wish to pursue an associate s degree already have ample financing options. According to College Board, Pell Grants cover nearly the entire cost of tuition at public two-year institutions, with the average Pell Grant award for these students amounting to $3,200 of the average in-state tuition of $3,440. Considering that the cost of community college is miniscule compared to that of a four-year degree, it is not surprising that only 17 percent of students participate in federal loan programs. â€Å"Yet, even though the financial burden of attending community college is relatively low, students still have trouble paying off their loans. Far more community college students default on their loans (38 percent) than students at four-year colleges and universities (10 percent).†Show MoreRelatedEducation Is The Most Important Part Of Every Human993 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States consider education as a privilege rather than a need. Today, America is suffering from lack of workforce and education crisis. America’s economy is collapsing and it is losing to countries like china, Brazil, Russia, etc. because Americans are deprived of education because of high college costs. High school graduates in America want to attend college but when they attend college, either they drop out of college or they graduate but end up paying money for student debt and loans throughoutRead MoreGraduation Speech : College And Pursue A College Degree1383 Words   |  6 Pages In Amer ica, some go to college and pursue a college degree. With a college degree you can do a lot of things. Also, generally speaking obtaining a college degree will get you a job that would make more money than a job without a degree. Making more money leads to better quality of life in America because of the many different doors that open up for you and your family, also it allows have you have some extra money to spend. In America, college is expensive, and leaves a very large number of studentsRead MoreTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words   |  7 Pagesfor All: Tuition-Free Public College Education Everyone has the right to an education and education should be as accessible as possible to fulfill this need. Without an education, people are rendered powerless. Education gives people the power to go wherever and do whatever they want in life. This is especially true for higher education and a college degree is needed now more than ever. In the United States, in order to get ahead in a career or go up the social ladder, one needs a college degree.Read MoreCollege Should Not Be Free876 Words   |  4 Pagesmake public college tuition free. A recent movement to federally mandate college funding has struck the interest of the lower, impoverished members of society. However, if college tuition were free it would be unfair, unregulated, and cost-ineffective in the long run. What does free really mean? Does it include just tuition, or room, board and books? Also, would it be completely free? Someone has to pay something somewhere down the line. There is no way to make college complete ly free. It would beRead MoreA Poor Solution For America s Shortcoming1625 Words   |  7 PagesWelfare. A major issue in today’s society is the debate over free community college tuition. Even though some say free community college tuition would be one step closer to saving Americas crumbling lower class, community college tuition should not be completely free. An education from a community college is already very affordable even for those who are from low-income families. On top of being affordable, free community college tuition as it stands today is easily exploitable by those who don’tRead MoreFreedom Of Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Education1424 Words   |  6 PagesPursuit of Education Until this past 2016 election, free college was a mere idea. That is, till’ a white headed democratic socialist informed us how that idea could very well be a possibility. Vermont Senator and 2016 Presidential election candidate, Bernie Sanders, was one of the biggest supporters of tuition-free colleges. He introduced an idea that not only was completely doable but highlighted main reasons why we should have tuition-free colleges. Through the use of multiple sources on educationRead MoreFree Tuition And The United States Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Free tuition for colleges is a topic that has come up a lot lately in the United States. Especially in the beginning of this year, when the democratic race was in place, Bernie Sanders started making tuition-free colleges one of his campaign points. While there are some that seem to neglect the idea of free tuition, the majority will agree that if not free at least it should be affordable. This topic is a very interesting one because it provides fascinating facts on both sides of the spectrum. OneRead MoreEstablishing Equality By Lowering The Cost Of College Tuition1615 Words   |  7 PagesEstablishing equality by lowering the cost of college tuition My research question was stimulated by â€Å"The Life of Peasants† from Life on a Medieval Barony and A Letter to my Nephew by James Baldwin. Throughout both articles equality and the idea of class systems are discussed thoroughly. James Baldwin talked about integration as meaning â€Å"we with love shall force our brothers to see themselves as they are, to cease fleeing from reality and begin the change it, for this is your home† (Baldwin). BaldwinRead MoreFree College Should Not Be Banned Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the cost of going into a university or a college has become very expensive and would want their government to provide free college tuitions much like the governments in Norway, Sweden, Germany and many other counties in Europe. Furthermore, with the increase in concern of the topic many people have wondered why doesn’t the United States or most importantly, all counties provide free college tuition and that is because in order to provide f ree college there has to be a change in the economic structureRead MoreShould College Tuition Be Paid?884 Words   |  4 PagesIn America college tuition has quadrupled in the last 35 years. College administrators like to tell the story that baby boomers paid their college tuition from the money they made during summer break. A few years later colleges decided to raise tuition price because people wanted to get a college degree. Colleges were seeing that people wanted to go to college they decided to raise the prices and make business out of it. In Germany, however college tuition is free, and by doing this Germany gets

An Adult Returning to School Essay Samples - Is it a Scam?

An Adult Returning to School Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? The function of education in society may not be underestimated in any manner. A society that doesn't uphold education is regarded as a society free of vision and moral standing. In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for each student. Another component of his success has been his capacity to assemble a really strong board. Tidying Is not a hard task. Has up-to-date abilities and the capability to learn new abilities and procedures easily. In the modern learning environment, the procedure is entirely online and better part of the process is all about writing. Superior luck and resource-rich communities aren't evenly distributed. It was quite easy to realize how far behind one could get if you didn't get the job done together with other folks. Not everybody can afford superior education, and that's why some folks elect to join the institution's scholarship program. There are several alternatives and things to aid you in getting your degree, so begin working on that now. You also need to speak to your school about the expenses of getting your degree and the way you are able to make an application for financial aid. Many adults considering their alternatives to return to college are concerned they will not meet the requirements for financial aid. You're advised to consult someone in the financial aid office of the institution in which you intend to study for assistance in submitting an application for a grant that will meet your needs. Go home and do what you want to do in order to grieve. In the event that you were downsized, permit the admissions officers know. Students may get this grant for as much as 12 semesters, but must finish the FAFSA and other requirements to keep eligibility every year. Take a look at the campus you need to attend to see whether you feel you would feel comfortable there and see whether you are able to speak to other mature students already attending. Students with disabilities may use the funds to obtain assistive devices to permit them to access classes or another equipment required to finish their study programs. Going to school today is quite pricey and not all people have the luxery I do. Simply take the opportunity to thoroughly research each school prior to applying. When you're in high school, it's definite that you're expected to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. School was generally an enjoyable place to attend for everybody. As soon as it's helpful to obtain a minumum of one letter from a professor, it may not be possible to get hold of your old professors. Be sure to pick a person who is supportive of your choice to come back to school, as well someone who has good writing abilities. Chris has finally begun to devote a bit more time on himself, learning how to paint and reading. When you're going back to college, you will require support from your family members. What is Actually Happening with an Adult Returning to School Essay Samples Also, an expected client might use matter from this kind of essay. Most companies supply you with the very first part of a Sample essay. There are a couple significant reasons for why it is preferable to type out sources word for word in your research in place of only take notes. It is essential that one ought to synchronize and structure the entire process of writing a book so there is an appropriate plan of action to follow and the content doesn't go haywire. It's simple to point out an essay that's been written solely for the interest of it. You are likely to be offered an essay on nearly every subject for a specific price. An excellent essay is one which leaves a long-lasting impression. Viewing a Sample essay and considering the matter of plagiarism is extremely important.

Crime And Criminal Justice System - 974 Words

Since the eighteenth century society has been controlled by policing to deal with the ‘problem’ of ‘crime’. Although there are various perceptions of what ‘crime’ is and means, we can view it as an offence or act which is able to be punished by the Law. Despite this, the Police arguably omit ‘crimes’ caused by particular individuals or groups such as; the bourgeois and white males and females. Many occasions these responses deny less privileged and minority groups equality within the criminal justice system, furthermore breaking the rule of Law. An ideology in which everyone is equal before the Law, (Bingham,2010:85) implies,â€Å"It would seem to be an obvious implication of the principle that everyone is bound by and entitled to the protection of the law.† Unfortunately this is not the case with many responses by policing. The state and criminal justice agencies control groups in society that are labelled as troubled although Fitzgerald,M and Hale,C (2009:387) comply that, â€Å"The modern state is expected to provide safety and well being of its citizens, protecting them from both external and internal threats, including becoming victims of crime† without being dictated upon a person’s class, race or gender. People who are subjected to such agencies are often affected by the state s construction of ‘crime’, as the state will always view someone who has committed a ‘crime’ as a ‘criminal’. Further, the Police conceivably attend to many more ‘crimes’ when individuals such as, ethnicShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime : The Criminal Justice System Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed various aspects of crime and criminality. Through continued study and ongoing research, criminologists have developed various theories as per the causes of different types of crime, whether or not some individuals are predisposed to certain types of criminal activity, legal processes of the criminal justice system, and how criminal offenders are processed. Canada’s criminal justice system comprises and constitutes various stages and components. The criminal justice system is a significant toolRead MoreCriminal Crime And The Criminal Justice System1693 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Profiler/Psychologist’s are people in the Criminal Justice System that create psychological profiles of criminals in order to identify behavioral patterns, in efforts to help officers na rrow down their searches to people who fit that particular description. Profiler’s examine crime scenes, analyze evidence, read reports from investigators, write reports, and interview witnesses and victims in order to collect information. They may work for local, state, or federal law enforcement. ProfilersRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System963 Words   |  4 Pagesnews reports, crime daily. Crime is something that we cannot run from in today’s society; so we depend highly upon the justice system. Criminal Justice is a major concern. Criminal Justice consists of three areas: our police, courts and corrections department. The Criminal Justice system was put in place by these agencies, and established by the governments to help control the crimes and applies penalties to those that violate the law. Many people feel that the criminal justice system is there toRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1266 Words   |  6 Pages The criminal justice system in England and Wales is made up of multiple agencies which all have different responsibilities, however they share the main objective of maintaining and enforcing the rule of law. The International Bar Association (2005) describes the Rule of Law as ‘the foundation of a civilized society’ with a society’s formal response to crime being the responsibility of the criminal justice system ‘more specifically in terms of a series of decisions and actions being taken by a numberRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1511 Words   |  7 Pageshas always been a need to have a system in place in order to ensure that the laws of the land are followed by all. This system, today, is called the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is very important in serving the individual needs and society’s needs by making individuals feel safe and secure and by fulfilling societal requirements of punishing that criminal elem ent that infringes on those needs of individuals. The role that the criminal justice professional is vital when itRead MoreThe Crimes Of The Criminal Justice System968 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, there are different types of crimes that can be committed. These crimes have been traditionally defined as either computer crimes or cybercrimes. The distinction in the two types of crimes seems to focus primarily on whether the crime can be committed without the use of technology and if the computer itself was actively involved with the crime. However, both types have created issues with the criminal justice system with how criminals are committing their crimes, the difficulties in law enforcementRead MoreCrime and the Criminal Justice System1111 Words   |  5 PagesCrime and the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system and the process have molded the laws of the United States to its current existence. The judicial system is designed to punish those who commit crimes against one another and for those who break the laws in other ways. According to Pearson (2012), crime can be defined as conduct in violation of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. Pearson (2012)Read MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1696 Words   |  7 Pages The Criminal Justice system has become an increasingly popular subject in America due to television, movies, and the media. This is due to crime and punishing crime being romanticized and the population becoming more desensitized. Some of the most appealing shows to the American people are the ones that include criminal investigations. However, the crime television shows that people view on a daily basis is extremely different from the actual Criminal Justice system, especially homicide investigationsRead MoreCrime System And Criminal Justice System Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The criminal justice system has evolved on the decades. From initially being constituted by the victim to eventually becoming constituted by written laws. There have been several changes made within the justice system, so in the following I will discuss my perspectives of the researched information and the noted changes of a system that was created by the people for the people. Topic I – Victim Justice System vs. Criminal Justice System A. Responsibilities of the victim’s past/presentRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1561 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Over the past 30 years, crime has become a major issue of public concern, of political discussion and action, often intemperate and not likely to reduce crime, and of major public expenditure. Despite its salience in public arena, very little is known about the factors driving the crime trend, and the knowledge base is too limited to support intelligent forecasts of the direction in which crime rates are moving, especially when changing direction. Developing

COIT20261 Network Routing and Switching

Question: Question 1 (9 marks) Given the following network, construct the routing table of router R1: Question 2 (7 marks) An organisation has been granted a block of addresses starting with the address 172.154.60.0/24. Create 4 subnets for this organisation with the first subblock of 120 addresses, the second subblock of 60 addresses, the third subblock of 30 addresses and the fourth subblock of 12 addresses. (1.5 marks for each correct answer) How many addresses are left? (1 mark) Question 3: (4 marks) Consider the following UDP header dump: BB400045003AFF10 Identify the source port number. (0.5 marks) Identify the destination port number. (0.5 marks) What is the length of the data? (1 mark) Is it a packet from the client to the server or vice versa? (1 mark) What is the client process? (1 mark) Question 4 (15 marks) Investigate the cloud-managed wireless networks and compile a brief report of around 1400 words. Your references may come from websites, white papers, government documents or published conference or journal papers. Your report should include only the introduction (about 200 words), body (about 1000 words), conclusion (about 200 words) and the reference list (Do not include the executive summary and table of contents). Use the sub-headings given in the template and include in-text references in the body of the report. Use Harvard style of referencing for the list of references and in-text references. Marks allocation: (2 marks) (2 marks) Advantages and disadvantages. (3 marks) Key service providers. (3 marks) Any other relevant information. (2 marks) Conclusion: A well written coherent conclusion (2 marks) References: Adherence to Harvard reference style (1 mark) Question 5 (5 marks) Given the following IPv6 addresses in hexadecimal colon notation, answer the following questions. Where applicable provide your answers in fully expanded hexadecimal colon notation. What is the full (expanded) address of the abbreviated IPv6 address FDEC::CF:0:FFFF? What is the type of block of the abbreviated IPv6 address. Answer: Question Number Mark allocated Mark earned Question 1: (9 marks) Mask Network address Next-hop address Interface /16 150.3.0.0 150.3.0.3 150.3.0.100 /24 200.10.50.0 200.10.50.1 200.10.50.100 /24 210.10.40.0 210.10.40.1 210.10.40.100 /18 160.20.0.0 160.20.0.1 150.3.0.1 /16 140.20.0.0 140.20.0.1 150.3.0.2 9 Question 2: (7 marks) a) The block address: 2^32 -2^24 =256 First block system setup: first address 172.154.60.0/24 Last address as 172.154.60.255/24. This order is to properly regulate the best and the largest values. a. The different numbers are for the sub blocks with: Largest part under the 120 address having power of 2. Subnet mask is n1 =32 log (base 2) 128 = 25. The first address is 172.154.60.0/25. The last address is 172.154.60.127/25. b. These are for sub-blocks with largest system part to handle 60 address with the 64 power of 2. Subnet mask is n1 =32 log (base 2) 64 = 26. The first address is 172.154.60.128/26. The last address is 172.154.60.191/26. c. This third range, addresses to be 30 address, with 32 power of 2. Subnet mask is n1 =32 log (base 2) 32 = 27. The first address is 172.154.60.192/27. The last address is 172.154.60.223/27. d. For smallest blocks, 12 sub address with the 12 address, having 16 address and have a power of 2. Subnet mask is n1 =32 log (base 2) 16 = 28. The first address is 172.154.60.224/28. The last address is 172.154.60.235/28. ____________N=256 address________________________________ 172.154.60.0/24 172.154.60.255/24 __N=120_____________N=60______N=30_____________N=12______ 172.154.60.0/25 172.154.60.128/26 172.154.60.192/27172.154.60.224/28 6 b) 31 address: Unused 1 Question 3: (4 mark) a) BB40 0.5 b) 0045 0.5 c) FF10 1 d) The port values 1023 so it is client else server. Source port number is BB40 H For this value 1023.. Hence, for the client. For a proper destination measure, Port number is 0045H which is 1 e) The client holds selections with conversation to work with the assigned limit. 1 Question 4: (15 marks) a) Introduction We are constantly moving towards improvements in technology that promote the principle of least effort, i.e. opting for the method that enables expenditure of the least amount of effort in order to realize the maximum amount of gains. That is to say that we wish to spend less and less efforts in order to perform more and more work. Cloud Managed Wireless Networks are a clear example of this principle in effect. In the present day, it is almost impossible to think of life without connectivity to a certain wireless network, generally the Internet, but also in a corporate environment the corporate network. Work cultures have changed dramatically even when compared to just a decade or two decades ago. Offices no longer restrict employees to the usage of office-issued devices and have adapted instead to providing secure services accessible via any device including the employees own devices. This itself is a result of a lifestyle change in our culture wherein every person carries multiple mobile computing devices at all times capable of wireless network connectivity. Hence, we expect any and every location we are at to possess wireless network connectivity. 2 b) Architecture The basic template of a Cloud Managed Wireless Network is that the business owner only needs to install the basic hardware required for creating a local wireless network on the remote site or office. Often, this hardware can be pre-configured and shipped so that it becomes plug-and-play hardware that can be assembled even in the absence of trained professionals. Moreover, the amount of hardware actually installed on site depends on how much network control functionality is required on-site. In the most extreme cases, a simple wireless router with an internet connection is all the hardware that is needed. The actual network control tools are all present on a cloud and only accessible via the cloud interface. These tools may also include a large number of virtual hardware that are normally installed along with the rest of the wireless network infrastructure, but have instead been shifted to the cloud since the functionality their physical presence on-site provides is not needed there. The person controlling and managing the network need not be present at any specific location to access the cloud, and hence control the network. The network manager only needs access to the cloud interface in order to completely manage, control and troubleshoot not just one but several remote wireless networks. This cloud interface can come in many shapes and sizes depending on the company that markets it, including web-browser plugins, dynamic web-page based GUIs, standalone programs and even mobile apps. Thus, a centralized team of IT professionals, who may even be operating from their respective homes, can effortlessly monitor and manage a number of local wireless networks belonging to the companys remote offices using the cloud interface. Alternately, a team of contracted IT professionals can manage the wireless networks of a number of client networks consisting of very small businesses with no IT staff of their own. All these services generally operate on a subscription basis. 2 c) Advantages and disadvantages Advantages i. Simplicity. The entire process of setting up a wireless network has been greatly simplified. The business owners who used to train as or hire IT professionals simply because they needed someone to manage their wireless networks can now subscribe to periodic payment based services which cover all their needs. ii. Flexibility. Pre-configuring hardware before shipping it and only shipping as much hardware as is required to fulfill a business needs, leaving scope for future changes or increments enables businesses to wield a great deal of flexibility. They can easily rent cheap, small scale initial services till they feel the need to purchase better services. iii. Cost Reduction. Since businesses no longer need to purchase all the hardware required in one go nor maintain IT staff solely to troubleshoot occasional hitches in the network, they can save these costs and invest the money elsewhere. iv. Efficiency. Cloud Managed Wireless Networks are not just convenient, they are also modular. Hence, any business can increase their efficiency of work by delegating network responsibilities more easily, taking control of only the necessary functionality and letting dedicated professionals tangle with the rest. Disadvantages i. Cloud Downtime. Any cloud service can experience downtime due to a number of reasons. When the cloud goes down, all network services and features directly dependent on the cloud go down as well. This could include such functionality as is critical to the normal operation of the business. Therefore, businesses need to carefully consider how much control they wish to delegate to the cloud and how much they wish to retain on-site. Moreover, if there are absolutely no IT professionals available on-site, then even if a business is able to operate normally during cloud downtime it will be teetering on a thin edge since any further complications in the local network can no longer by resolved. Increased Bandwidth Usage. With any cloud based service, there is bound to be at least one link in the network topology where an internet connection is required. Increased dependency on cloud services directly translates to increased bandwidth usage. Therefore, businesses will have to counter balance their cost savings with the increased bandwidth usage charges before making a business decision to adopt cloud based networking services. 3 d) Key service providers i. HP Cloud Network Manager ii. Aruba Networks AirWave Management Platform iii. AeroHive Networks HiveManager Online iv. Akamai Cloud Networking Suite v. Cisco Meraki vi. Xirrus Management System 3 e) Any other relevant information Wireless network connectivity requires more than just installing the requisite hardware in the right places. It also requires an IT professional to configure and design the entire infrastructure so as to suit the needs of the owner of the network as well as constant maintenance and troubleshooting. Large and expansive networks may require dedicated teams of IT professionals to constantly work on maintaining them whilst the smallest scale personal wireless networks may only need a once-in-a-month service from an IT professional. Hence, establishing a wireless network becomes a huge headache for very small business owners, such as general stores, cafes, bookshops, and so on, as well as for large scale businesses with a large number of geographically separated small and remote offices. In the former case, the owner will probably need to either learn how to manage the network themselves or else periodically hire help from an IT professional which can be quite expensive. In the latter cas e, the business will probably need to permanently station a small IT team at each office to manage the corporate network, or else employ remote desktop access tools, which carry significant overhead costs. Cloud Managed Wireless Networks have resolved these issues for both types of businesses. 2 f) Conclusion Every entity aims to achieve greater gains, in terms of decreasing efforts required to do work, in terms of rewards for its actions, in terms of contentment from its existence. It is therefore no surprise that cloud based services are so well received and so popular among corporates. Most businesses are uni-dimensional juggernauts capable of performing extremely well in their chosen field of expertise. But surviving in a corporate competitive environment requires a more holistic approach, thus the market for consultancy services. Cloud Managed Wireless Networks are an excellent example of how the ability to reduce the burden on one aspect of running a business allows many corporates to increase their operative efficiency while simultaneously creating an excellent market for businesses specializing in reducing that burden to grow in. 2 g) References Liang, C. and Yu, F.R., 2015. Wireless network virtualization: A survey, some research issues and challenges.Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE,17(1), pp.358-380. Burba, A. and Hunt, B.T., 2015.CONTENT DISCOVERY IN MANAGED WIRELESS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS. U.S. Patent 20,150,324,555. Wu, J., Zhang, Z., Hong, Y. and Wen, Y., 2015. Cloud radio access network (C-RAN): a primer.Network, IEEE,29(1), pp.35-41. Jagadeesan, N.A. and Krishnamachari, B., 2015. Software-defined networking paradigms in wireless networks: a survey.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),47(2), p.27. Paczkowski, L.W., Parsel, W.M., Persson, C.J. and Schlesener, M.C., Sprint Communications Company LP, 2016.Network based temporary trust extension to a remote or mobile device enabled via specialized cloud services. U.S. Patent 9,230,085. 1 Question 5: (5 marks) a) FDEC :: 00CF :0: FFFF Address abbreviation : FDEC :0:0:0:0:00CF::FFFF 1 b) Consecutive zero blocks which has been completely omitted. 2001:A100:FC1:0000:A4B8:AE12:3217:FCBA 2 c) Consecutive zero block with omitting IPv4 address with linked standard. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:194.42.12.7 2 Late submission penalty Plagiarism penalty Total 40