An Adult Returning to School Essay Samples - Is it a Scam?

An Adult Returning to School Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? The function of education in society may not be underestimated in any manner. A society that doesn't uphold education is regarded as a society free of vision and moral standing. In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for each student. Another component of his success has been his capacity to assemble a really strong board. Tidying Is not a hard task. Has up-to-date abilities and the capability to learn new abilities and procedures easily. In the modern learning environment, the procedure is entirely online and better part of the process is all about writing. Superior luck and resource-rich communities aren't evenly distributed. It was quite easy to realize how far behind one could get if you didn't get the job done together with other folks. Not everybody can afford superior education, and that's why some folks elect to join the institution's scholarship program. There are several alternatives and things to aid you in getting your degree, so begin working on that now. You also need to speak to your school about the expenses of getting your degree and the way you are able to make an application for financial aid. Many adults considering their alternatives to return to college are concerned they will not meet the requirements for financial aid. You're advised to consult someone in the financial aid office of the institution in which you intend to study for assistance in submitting an application for a grant that will meet your needs. Go home and do what you want to do in order to grieve. In the event that you were downsized, permit the admissions officers know. Students may get this grant for as much as 12 semesters, but must finish the FAFSA and other requirements to keep eligibility every year. Take a look at the campus you need to attend to see whether you feel you would feel comfortable there and see whether you are able to speak to other mature students already attending. Students with disabilities may use the funds to obtain assistive devices to permit them to access classes or another equipment required to finish their study programs. Going to school today is quite pricey and not all people have the luxery I do. Simply take the opportunity to thoroughly research each school prior to applying. When you're in high school, it's definite that you're expected to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. School was generally an enjoyable place to attend for everybody. As soon as it's helpful to obtain a minumum of one letter from a professor, it may not be possible to get hold of your old professors. Be sure to pick a person who is supportive of your choice to come back to school, as well someone who has good writing abilities. Chris has finally begun to devote a bit more time on himself, learning how to paint and reading. When you're going back to college, you will require support from your family members. What is Actually Happening with an Adult Returning to School Essay Samples Also, an expected client might use matter from this kind of essay. Most companies supply you with the very first part of a Sample essay. There are a couple significant reasons for why it is preferable to type out sources word for word in your research in place of only take notes. It is essential that one ought to synchronize and structure the entire process of writing a book so there is an appropriate plan of action to follow and the content doesn't go haywire. It's simple to point out an essay that's been written solely for the interest of it. You are likely to be offered an essay on nearly every subject for a specific price. An excellent essay is one which leaves a long-lasting impression. Viewing a Sample essay and considering the matter of plagiarism is extremely important.

Crime And Criminal Justice System - 974 Words

Since the eighteenth century society has been controlled by policing to deal with the ‘problem’ of ‘crime’. Although there are various perceptions of what ‘crime’ is and means, we can view it as an offence or act which is able to be punished by the Law. Despite this, the Police arguably omit ‘crimes’ caused by particular individuals or groups such as; the bourgeois and white males and females. Many occasions these responses deny less privileged and minority groups equality within the criminal justice system, furthermore breaking the rule of Law. An ideology in which everyone is equal before the Law, (Bingham,2010:85) implies,â€Å"It would seem to be an obvious implication of the principle that everyone is bound by and entitled to the protection of the law.† Unfortunately this is not the case with many responses by policing. The state and criminal justice agencies control groups in society that are labelled as troubled although Fitzgerald,M and Hale,C (2009:387) comply that, â€Å"The modern state is expected to provide safety and well being of its citizens, protecting them from both external and internal threats, including becoming victims of crime† without being dictated upon a person’s class, race or gender. People who are subjected to such agencies are often affected by the state s construction of ‘crime’, as the state will always view someone who has committed a ‘crime’ as a ‘criminal’. Further, the Police conceivably attend to many more ‘crimes’ when individuals such as, ethnicShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime : The Criminal Justice System Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed various aspects of crime and criminality. Through continued study and ongoing research, criminologists have developed various theories as per the causes of different types of crime, whether or not some individuals are predisposed to certain types of criminal activity, legal processes of the criminal justice system, and how criminal offenders are processed. Canada’s criminal justice system comprises and constitutes various stages and components. The criminal justice system is a significant toolRead MoreCriminal Crime And The Criminal Justice System1693 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Profiler/Psychologist’s are people in the Criminal Justice System that create psychological profiles of criminals in order to identify behavioral patterns, in efforts to help officers na rrow down their searches to people who fit that particular description. Profiler’s examine crime scenes, analyze evidence, read reports from investigators, write reports, and interview witnesses and victims in order to collect information. They may work for local, state, or federal law enforcement. ProfilersRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System963 Words   |  4 Pagesnews reports, crime daily. Crime is something that we cannot run from in today’s society; so we depend highly upon the justice system. Criminal Justice is a major concern. Criminal Justice consists of three areas: our police, courts and corrections department. The Criminal Justice system was put in place by these agencies, and established by the governments to help control the crimes and applies penalties to those that violate the law. Many people feel that the criminal justice system is there toRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1266 Words   |  6 Pages The criminal justice system in England and Wales is made up of multiple agencies which all have different responsibilities, however they share the main objective of maintaining and enforcing the rule of law. The International Bar Association (2005) describes the Rule of Law as ‘the foundation of a civilized society’ with a society’s formal response to crime being the responsibility of the criminal justice system ‘more specifically in terms of a series of decisions and actions being taken by a numberRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1511 Words   |  7 Pageshas always been a need to have a system in place in order to ensure that the laws of the land are followed by all. This system, today, is called the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is very important in serving the individual needs and society’s needs by making individuals feel safe and secure and by fulfilling societal requirements of punishing that criminal elem ent that infringes on those needs of individuals. The role that the criminal justice professional is vital when itRead MoreThe Crimes Of The Criminal Justice System968 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, there are different types of crimes that can be committed. These crimes have been traditionally defined as either computer crimes or cybercrimes. The distinction in the two types of crimes seems to focus primarily on whether the crime can be committed without the use of technology and if the computer itself was actively involved with the crime. However, both types have created issues with the criminal justice system with how criminals are committing their crimes, the difficulties in law enforcementRead MoreCrime and the Criminal Justice System1111 Words   |  5 PagesCrime and the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system and the process have molded the laws of the United States to its current existence. The judicial system is designed to punish those who commit crimes against one another and for those who break the laws in other ways. According to Pearson (2012), crime can be defined as conduct in violation of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. Pearson (2012)Read MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1696 Words   |  7 Pages The Criminal Justice system has become an increasingly popular subject in America due to television, movies, and the media. This is due to crime and punishing crime being romanticized and the population becoming more desensitized. Some of the most appealing shows to the American people are the ones that include criminal investigations. However, the crime television shows that people view on a daily basis is extremely different from the actual Criminal Justice system, especially homicide investigationsRead MoreCrime System And Criminal Justice System Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The criminal justice system has evolved on the decades. From initially being constituted by the victim to eventually becoming constituted by written laws. There have been several changes made within the justice system, so in the following I will discuss my perspectives of the researched information and the noted changes of a system that was created by the people for the people. Topic I – Victim Justice System vs. Criminal Justice System A. Responsibilities of the victim’s past/presentRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1561 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Over the past 30 years, crime has become a major issue of public concern, of political discussion and action, often intemperate and not likely to reduce crime, and of major public expenditure. Despite its salience in public arena, very little is known about the factors driving the crime trend, and the knowledge base is too limited to support intelligent forecasts of the direction in which crime rates are moving, especially when changing direction. Developing

COIT20261 Network Routing and Switching

Question: Question 1 (9 marks) Given the following network, construct the routing table of router R1: Question 2 (7 marks) An organisation has been granted a block of addresses starting with the address 172.154.60.0/24. Create 4 subnets for this organisation with the first subblock of 120 addresses, the second subblock of 60 addresses, the third subblock of 30 addresses and the fourth subblock of 12 addresses. (1.5 marks for each correct answer) How many addresses are left? (1 mark) Question 3: (4 marks) Consider the following UDP header dump: BB400045003AFF10 Identify the source port number. (0.5 marks) Identify the destination port number. (0.5 marks) What is the length of the data? (1 mark) Is it a packet from the client to the server or vice versa? (1 mark) What is the client process? (1 mark) Question 4 (15 marks) Investigate the cloud-managed wireless networks and compile a brief report of around 1400 words. Your references may come from websites, white papers, government documents or published conference or journal papers. Your report should include only the introduction (about 200 words), body (about 1000 words), conclusion (about 200 words) and the reference list (Do not include the executive summary and table of contents). Use the sub-headings given in the template and include in-text references in the body of the report. Use Harvard style of referencing for the list of references and in-text references. Marks allocation: (2 marks) (2 marks) Advantages and disadvantages. (3 marks) Key service providers. (3 marks) Any other relevant information. (2 marks) Conclusion: A well written coherent conclusion (2 marks) References: Adherence to Harvard reference style (1 mark) Question 5 (5 marks) Given the following IPv6 addresses in hexadecimal colon notation, answer the following questions. Where applicable provide your answers in fully expanded hexadecimal colon notation. What is the full (expanded) address of the abbreviated IPv6 address FDEC::CF:0:FFFF? What is the type of block of the abbreviated IPv6 address. Answer: Question Number Mark allocated Mark earned Question 1: (9 marks) Mask Network address Next-hop address Interface /16 150.3.0.0 150.3.0.3 150.3.0.100 /24 200.10.50.0 200.10.50.1 200.10.50.100 /24 210.10.40.0 210.10.40.1 210.10.40.100 /18 160.20.0.0 160.20.0.1 150.3.0.1 /16 140.20.0.0 140.20.0.1 150.3.0.2 9 Question 2: (7 marks) a) The block address: 2^32 -2^24 =256 First block system setup: first address 172.154.60.0/24 Last address as 172.154.60.255/24. This order is to properly regulate the best and the largest values. a. The different numbers are for the sub blocks with: Largest part under the 120 address having power of 2. Subnet mask is n1 =32 log (base 2) 128 = 25. The first address is 172.154.60.0/25. The last address is 172.154.60.127/25. b. These are for sub-blocks with largest system part to handle 60 address with the 64 power of 2. Subnet mask is n1 =32 log (base 2) 64 = 26. The first address is 172.154.60.128/26. The last address is 172.154.60.191/26. c. This third range, addresses to be 30 address, with 32 power of 2. Subnet mask is n1 =32 log (base 2) 32 = 27. The first address is 172.154.60.192/27. The last address is 172.154.60.223/27. d. For smallest blocks, 12 sub address with the 12 address, having 16 address and have a power of 2. Subnet mask is n1 =32 log (base 2) 16 = 28. The first address is 172.154.60.224/28. The last address is 172.154.60.235/28. ____________N=256 address________________________________ 172.154.60.0/24 172.154.60.255/24 __N=120_____________N=60______N=30_____________N=12______ 172.154.60.0/25 172.154.60.128/26 172.154.60.192/27172.154.60.224/28 6 b) 31 address: Unused 1 Question 3: (4 mark) a) BB40 0.5 b) 0045 0.5 c) FF10 1 d) The port values 1023 so it is client else server. Source port number is BB40 H For this value 1023.. Hence, for the client. For a proper destination measure, Port number is 0045H which is 1 e) The client holds selections with conversation to work with the assigned limit. 1 Question 4: (15 marks) a) Introduction We are constantly moving towards improvements in technology that promote the principle of least effort, i.e. opting for the method that enables expenditure of the least amount of effort in order to realize the maximum amount of gains. That is to say that we wish to spend less and less efforts in order to perform more and more work. Cloud Managed Wireless Networks are a clear example of this principle in effect. In the present day, it is almost impossible to think of life without connectivity to a certain wireless network, generally the Internet, but also in a corporate environment the corporate network. Work cultures have changed dramatically even when compared to just a decade or two decades ago. Offices no longer restrict employees to the usage of office-issued devices and have adapted instead to providing secure services accessible via any device including the employees own devices. This itself is a result of a lifestyle change in our culture wherein every person carries multiple mobile computing devices at all times capable of wireless network connectivity. Hence, we expect any and every location we are at to possess wireless network connectivity. 2 b) Architecture The basic template of a Cloud Managed Wireless Network is that the business owner only needs to install the basic hardware required for creating a local wireless network on the remote site or office. Often, this hardware can be pre-configured and shipped so that it becomes plug-and-play hardware that can be assembled even in the absence of trained professionals. Moreover, the amount of hardware actually installed on site depends on how much network control functionality is required on-site. In the most extreme cases, a simple wireless router with an internet connection is all the hardware that is needed. The actual network control tools are all present on a cloud and only accessible via the cloud interface. These tools may also include a large number of virtual hardware that are normally installed along with the rest of the wireless network infrastructure, but have instead been shifted to the cloud since the functionality their physical presence on-site provides is not needed there. The person controlling and managing the network need not be present at any specific location to access the cloud, and hence control the network. The network manager only needs access to the cloud interface in order to completely manage, control and troubleshoot not just one but several remote wireless networks. This cloud interface can come in many shapes and sizes depending on the company that markets it, including web-browser plugins, dynamic web-page based GUIs, standalone programs and even mobile apps. Thus, a centralized team of IT professionals, who may even be operating from their respective homes, can effortlessly monitor and manage a number of local wireless networks belonging to the companys remote offices using the cloud interface. Alternately, a team of contracted IT professionals can manage the wireless networks of a number of client networks consisting of very small businesses with no IT staff of their own. All these services generally operate on a subscription basis. 2 c) Advantages and disadvantages Advantages i. Simplicity. The entire process of setting up a wireless network has been greatly simplified. The business owners who used to train as or hire IT professionals simply because they needed someone to manage their wireless networks can now subscribe to periodic payment based services which cover all their needs. ii. Flexibility. Pre-configuring hardware before shipping it and only shipping as much hardware as is required to fulfill a business needs, leaving scope for future changes or increments enables businesses to wield a great deal of flexibility. They can easily rent cheap, small scale initial services till they feel the need to purchase better services. iii. Cost Reduction. Since businesses no longer need to purchase all the hardware required in one go nor maintain IT staff solely to troubleshoot occasional hitches in the network, they can save these costs and invest the money elsewhere. iv. Efficiency. Cloud Managed Wireless Networks are not just convenient, they are also modular. Hence, any business can increase their efficiency of work by delegating network responsibilities more easily, taking control of only the necessary functionality and letting dedicated professionals tangle with the rest. Disadvantages i. Cloud Downtime. Any cloud service can experience downtime due to a number of reasons. When the cloud goes down, all network services and features directly dependent on the cloud go down as well. This could include such functionality as is critical to the normal operation of the business. Therefore, businesses need to carefully consider how much control they wish to delegate to the cloud and how much they wish to retain on-site. Moreover, if there are absolutely no IT professionals available on-site, then even if a business is able to operate normally during cloud downtime it will be teetering on a thin edge since any further complications in the local network can no longer by resolved. Increased Bandwidth Usage. With any cloud based service, there is bound to be at least one link in the network topology where an internet connection is required. Increased dependency on cloud services directly translates to increased bandwidth usage. Therefore, businesses will have to counter balance their cost savings with the increased bandwidth usage charges before making a business decision to adopt cloud based networking services. 3 d) Key service providers i. HP Cloud Network Manager ii. Aruba Networks AirWave Management Platform iii. AeroHive Networks HiveManager Online iv. Akamai Cloud Networking Suite v. Cisco Meraki vi. Xirrus Management System 3 e) Any other relevant information Wireless network connectivity requires more than just installing the requisite hardware in the right places. It also requires an IT professional to configure and design the entire infrastructure so as to suit the needs of the owner of the network as well as constant maintenance and troubleshooting. Large and expansive networks may require dedicated teams of IT professionals to constantly work on maintaining them whilst the smallest scale personal wireless networks may only need a once-in-a-month service from an IT professional. Hence, establishing a wireless network becomes a huge headache for very small business owners, such as general stores, cafes, bookshops, and so on, as well as for large scale businesses with a large number of geographically separated small and remote offices. In the former case, the owner will probably need to either learn how to manage the network themselves or else periodically hire help from an IT professional which can be quite expensive. In the latter cas e, the business will probably need to permanently station a small IT team at each office to manage the corporate network, or else employ remote desktop access tools, which carry significant overhead costs. Cloud Managed Wireless Networks have resolved these issues for both types of businesses. 2 f) Conclusion Every entity aims to achieve greater gains, in terms of decreasing efforts required to do work, in terms of rewards for its actions, in terms of contentment from its existence. It is therefore no surprise that cloud based services are so well received and so popular among corporates. Most businesses are uni-dimensional juggernauts capable of performing extremely well in their chosen field of expertise. But surviving in a corporate competitive environment requires a more holistic approach, thus the market for consultancy services. Cloud Managed Wireless Networks are an excellent example of how the ability to reduce the burden on one aspect of running a business allows many corporates to increase their operative efficiency while simultaneously creating an excellent market for businesses specializing in reducing that burden to grow in. 2 g) References Liang, C. and Yu, F.R., 2015. Wireless network virtualization: A survey, some research issues and challenges.Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE,17(1), pp.358-380. Burba, A. and Hunt, B.T., 2015.CONTENT DISCOVERY IN MANAGED WIRELESS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS. U.S. Patent 20,150,324,555. Wu, J., Zhang, Z., Hong, Y. and Wen, Y., 2015. Cloud radio access network (C-RAN): a primer.Network, IEEE,29(1), pp.35-41. Jagadeesan, N.A. and Krishnamachari, B., 2015. Software-defined networking paradigms in wireless networks: a survey.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),47(2), p.27. Paczkowski, L.W., Parsel, W.M., Persson, C.J. and Schlesener, M.C., Sprint Communications Company LP, 2016.Network based temporary trust extension to a remote or mobile device enabled via specialized cloud services. U.S. Patent 9,230,085. 1 Question 5: (5 marks) a) FDEC :: 00CF :0: FFFF Address abbreviation : FDEC :0:0:0:0:00CF::FFFF 1 b) Consecutive zero blocks which has been completely omitted. 2001:A100:FC1:0000:A4B8:AE12:3217:FCBA 2 c) Consecutive zero block with omitting IPv4 address with linked standard. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:194.42.12.7 2 Late submission penalty Plagiarism penalty Total 40

Public Administration Solutions for a Crisis Situation

Table of Contents Three Ethical and Legal Breaches Lindblom’s Muddling Through Scientific Management Gulick’s Approach Weber’s and Goodnow’s Concepts Evaluating the Case Reference List Three Ethical and Legal Breaches The case in question entails at least three legal breaches, which can also be regarded as three ethical problems. One of the breaches is provision of distorted data. Thus, Secretary Swinson revealed a huge surplus in budget even though there was a considerable deficit. The employee deliberately revealed distorted data to hide poor results of his performance and create a positive image of himself.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Public Administration: Solutions for a Crisis Situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second breach is the theft as $1500 was missing. Even though there is some evidence that proves Arnold’s guilt, this breach could be commit ted by the Secretary Swinson who also could access the money. The third breach was misconduct of the majority of employees who violated the rules, i.e. were late for work, used computers for personal use, and purchased expensive furniture for the office. Notably, lots of public administration theorists considered issues similar to the events depicted above. To clean up the breaches mentioned above, it is possible to employ approaches of such theorists as Woodrow Wilson, Jane Addams and Frederick Taylor. Thus, Wilson stressed the importance of seeing public administration as an organization (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). Admittedly, revealing inappropriate data is likely to lead to huge losses in any company. At that, the mistakes are found rather easily in organizations as a number of employees have access to the data. Hence, public administrators should understand that their actions can lead to their organization’s ‘bankruptcy’ and their unemployment. This approach can make the Secretary Swinson (and other public administrators) come up with effective ways to address issues rather than try to make everything seem fine and distort data. Hence, the first step to clean up the breech is to make each employee financially responsible for the efficient work of their department. The theft is a serious breach which needs specific measures. Addams claimed that public administration should be based on the principles of community (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). Clearly, the money is likely to be taken by one of the employees. The employees do not feel a part of community and this, in part, led to the theft. Therefore, it is important to launch a series of team-building training courses. It is also crucial to develop a strong culture and make employees share the principles developed. Addams noted that public administrators could work hard when they understood they were a part of the community (Shafritz Hyde, 2012).Advertising Looking for term paper on public ad ministration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Public administrators should understand that a misconduct (and especially such a serious breach as theft) committed by one of them will negatively affect the rest of them. Finally, it is important to install some surveillance (cameras) or use additional measures of safety. Poor performance of the public administrators can be explained by inefficient human resources management. According to Taylor, public administration is an organization and, thus, its efficiency depends on effectiveness of its employees (Cox, Buck Morgan, 2010). To improve the situation in the department in question, it is vital to focus on human resources management (motivation, development, etc.). Lindblom’s Muddling Through It is possible to note that the case in study can be regarded as an illustration of Lindblom’s concept of muddling through. According to Lindblom, scientific approach that presuppo sed collecting data and thorough analysis of information did not work in the real world (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). Admittedly, public administrators have to make lots of decisions and they tend to follow certain patterns which have been used rather than initiate a change. Thus, Karns and Peters did not look for some evidence but simply accused Arnold of stealing the money. Instead of trying to find the thief, they berated a person who seemed to be the guilty person. Secretary of State Swinson also muddled through as he did not want to implement any changes. Instead of trying to analyze certain flaws in their budgeting, the Secretary fired the intern who could collect the necessary data and come up with a preliminary analysis. Swinson also fired Karns and Peters to help his friends with employment. It is possible to state that Swinson did not want to work, but he simply acted in the way lots of public administrated had acted. He did not need the change even though the department was mal functioning. Swinson was not interested in thorough analysis; he jumped to conclusions and tended to adopt the behavioral patterns which had been used by other bureaucrats. Scientific Management Charles E. Merriam believed that scientific method could positively affect the development of public administration (Cox, Buck Morgan, 2010). This method involves collecting data, in-depth analysis, making decisions and implementing change. This approach could be applicable in the case under consideration as the efficiency of the department (as well as each employee) was insufficient.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Public Administration: Solutions for a Crisis Situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the department is not ready to adopt the new approach and start working efficiently. The department should undergo certain changes to become more effective. To develop a new strategy for the department, it can be beneficial to consider the theory x and y. Thus, according to McGregor, employees’ performance could be considered in two different ways (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). Hence, it is possible to assume that Swinson was one of the representatives of the employees x, i.e. he was reluctant to work hard and cared about his salary only. The Secretary implemented policies which made the rest of employees reluctant to work harder. It is possible to assume that the rest of the employees could be initiative and responsible if they were motivated properly. The use of this approach could be beneficial for the department in question as it would lead to the necessary change and creation of the appropriate atmosphere. The present case also shows that formal and informal cooptation can is likely to have a negative impact on the employees’ performance. Employees were distrustful and did not cooperate with the intern. It is important to make all employees understand the importance of hir ing new people to make them more cooperative. Gulick’s Approach Gulick believed in the effectiveness of the scientific approach and developed a specific type of analysis (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). According to Gulick, it is crucial to plan, organize, direct, staff, coordinate, report and budget properly to enable public administration function properly (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). To address short-term goals of the department in question, it is important to hire Karns and Peters (perhaps, temporarily). It is also essential ask all employees (including Swinson, Karns and Peters) to make reports highlighting such aspects as budgeting and some projects. This will help reveal violations if any. Of course, those who have committed some breaches should be punished (fined, fired or even brought to court). To address long-term goals, it is necessary to ensure proper functioning of human resources professionals. Each employee will have to adopt Gulick’s approach, i.e. they will have to plan and report on their performance. The department should also be restructured so that employees could have supervisors who guide them and monitor their performance. The department’s head should also be monitored in order to avoid breaches.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weber’s and Goodnow’s Concepts Weber and Goodnow were advocates of bureaucracy as they believed that only this approach could be efficient (Cox, Buck Morgan, 2010). The theorists stressed that only professionals in specific fields could effectively ensure proper enactment of laws (Cox, Buck Morgan, 2010). Therefore, the agency in question should adopt certain approach based on the concepts revealed by Weber and Goodnow. As has been mentioned above, human resources management is the key to improvement in the present case. First of all, employees should be hired in accordance with their qualities and professionalism (skills, experience, etc.) to be able to fulfill the tasks given. Weber’s and Goodnow’s principles can help the agency become efficient. The employees should have the necessary expertise in certain fields, which will make the agency effective. Swinson hired new employees instead of Karns and Peters, but he did not focus on the new employeesâ⠂¬â„¢ expertise. This is unacceptable and leads to further violations and poor performance of the organization. The structure of the agency should also be well-developed. Thus, supervisors should guide employees and monitor their performance. The actions of the Secretary should also be monitored as this will help avoid violations. Employees should also have monthly (or weekly) meetings where they should discuss the most burning issues. Evaluating the Case It is possible to employ different approaches and methods to evaluate the case. However, Herbert Simon’s concepts concerning individuals’ decision-making will be the most effective. Thus, Simon believed that it was possible to analyze and predict people’s behavior and decision-making within the organization and public administration (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). According to the theorist, individuals make decisions based on certain data as well on their needs. Thus, Swinson fired people because he wanted to employ hi s friends. He also made a decision to distort budgeting data instead of trying to understand the reasons for the deficit. The agency’s employees were inefficient and their poor performance can be explained by the lack of motivation. It is possible to fix the crisis situation by monitoring its performance. Thus, employees’ (as well as the Secretary’s) performance should be monitored. To make the monitoring effective, the agency also needs improvement in the sphere of communication. Thus, employees should be aware of the goals of the organization. More so, they should share the organization’s values and adhere to the agency’s culture. There should be monthly meetings and team-building activities. It is also crucial to introduce motivation practices to make the employees more efficient. This strategy will be effective as the major issue is the ineffective human resources management. The Secretary Swinson violated a number of rules, which justifies int roduction of effective monitoring. Poor discipline and performance of the employees is also explained by the inappropriate practices adopted. The agency needs an inspiring leader who will create a team of professionals who share the same values and are committed to achieve specific goals. Reference List Cox, R.W., Buck, S.J., Morgan, B.N. (2010). Public administration in theory and practice. New York, NY: Longman Publishing Group. Shafritz, J.M., Hyde, A.C. (2012). Classics of public administration. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. This term paper on Public Administration: Solutions for a Crisis Situation was written and submitted by user D0ct0rSpectrum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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How to Get a Law Education Online for Cheap

How to Get a Law Education Online for Cheap Would you like to earn an online law degree from the comfort of your own home? It’s not easy, but it is possible. Earning an online law degree poses several unique challenges. No online law school is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), and  49 states require that law school graduates earn a degree accredited by the ABA in order to take the bar exam needed to practice law. California is the one state that allows graduates from distance learning law schools to sit for the  bar exam, though the examinees must meet certain requirements. If you live in California, or if you’re willing to relocate, you may be able to become a practicing lawyer with an online law degree. Once youve worked as a lawyer for a few years, you may even be able to practice law in other states. Earning an Online Law Degree and Practicing Law in California In order to take the California Bar Exam, students must meet certain requirements set by the Committee of Bar Examiners of the State Bar of California. There are seven steps to becoming an accredited lawyer. Complete your pre-legal education. Most law students have already completed a bachelor’s degree. California’s minimum requirement is that students complete at least two years of college-level work (60 semester credits) with a GPA equal to or above that required for graduation. Students can also demonstrate that they have the intellectual ability of a second-year college student by passing certain examinations accepted by the Committee.Complete your legal education. Online law students may sit for the California Bar Exam  once they have completed 864 hours of study for each year through a correspondence program that is registered with the Committee.  The Committee does not accredit online law schools; instead, it allows distance learning schools to register with the Committee if the schools meet certain requirements. Because the Committee won’t vouch for the quality of these programs, it is essential to thoroughly investigate any online law school before enrol ling. The State Bar of California provides a list of the schools currently registered with the Committee. Register as a law student. Before taking any examinations, online law students must register with the State Bar of California. This may be done online through the  Office of Admissions.Pass the First-Year Law Student’s Examination. Students must pass a four-hour test covering basic contracts, criminal law, and torts (concepts that are taught during a law student’s first year of study). The exam is administered in June and October of each year.Receive a positive moral character determination. All California lawyers must first prove that they have â€Å"good moral character† by undergoing an evaluation by  the Committee. You will be asked to provide information, fingerprints, and references. The Committee will talk to your former employers, your online law school, and will check for driving and criminal records. The entire process can take four to six months, so get an early start.Pass the Multi-State Professional Responsibility Examination. This two-hour-and-f ive-minute exam will test your understanding of appropriate lawyer conduct. You will answer sixty multiple-choice questions regarding representation, privilege, contempt, and related issues. The exam is offered three times a year. Pass the Bar Exam. Finally, after completing your online law degree and fulfilling the other requirements, you may take the California Bar Exam. The bar exam is offered in February and July of each year and includes three days of essay questions, multi-state components, and practical exercises. Once you pass the bar, you are eligible to practice law in California. Practicing Law in Other States Once you’ve used your online law degree to practice law in California for a few years, you may be able to work as a lawyer in other states. Many states will permit California lawyers to take their state bar exams after five to seven years of practicing law. Another option is to enroll in a Master of Law program accredited by the American Bar Association. Such programs take only one or two years to complete and will allow you to qualify to take the bar exam in other states. The Drawbacks of Earning an Online Law Degree Earning an online law degree can be an appealing option for professionals with existing work and family responsibilities. However, there are several drawbacks to studying law online. If you plan to practice law, you will probably be limited to working in California for several years. Additionally, law firms will know that your online law degree is not accredited by the American Bar Association. You should not expect to be a contender for the most prestigious, highest-paying jobs. If you choose to pursue an online law degree, do so with realistic expectations. Studying law online is not for everyone, but for the right person, it can be a worthwhile experience.

Carnaval Celebrations Worldwide

Carnaval Celebrations Worldwide The word Carnaval refers to the numerous festivities that occur in many Catholic cities every year prior to the Lenten season. These festivals often last several days or weeks and are widely popular celebrations of local history and culture. Residents and visitors prepare for Carnaval festivities throughout the year. Revelers both young and old can enjoy numerous organized activities or party in the city streets with their families, friends, community members, and strangers. Religious and Historical Significance of Carnaval Lent is the Catholic season that represents the forty days prior to Jesus death on Good Friday and his resurrection on Easter Sunday. Lent begins on Ash Wednesday, which usually falls in February. On certain days of Lent, Catholics are supposed to abstain from eating meat as a physical and spiritual reminder of Jesus sacrifices. The word Carnaval likely originates from the Latin term carne levare, or to remove meat. On the day before Ash Wednesday (Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday,) many Catholics ate all of the meat and fat in their home  and held large parties in the streets as one last celebration before the penitential Lenten season. It is a time when all social classes could disguise themselves, congregate, and forget their usual tribulations. Carnaval originated in largely Catholic Southern Europe and spread to the Americas during the age of exploration and colonization. Carnaval Traditions All places that celebrate Carnaval generally have the same activities, but each Carnaval is infused with elements of local culture. During both day and night, revelers in the streets listen to music and dance, eat, and drink. Many cities hold balls and masquerades. The main tradition of Carnaval includes parades through the city streets. Many cities hold parades with floats, which are enormous, decorated vehicles that can carry dozens of riders, who often wear very elaborate, colorful costumes and masks. Parades usually have themes, which often parody current local political and social problems. What follows are some of the worlds most famous and popular Carnaval celebrations. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is home to the worlds most famous Carnaval and what many people consider to be the worlds biggest and best party. The basis of Rios Carnaval is the samba school, which is a social club named after the famous Brazilian samba dance. Samba schools are based in different neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro, and rivalry among them is fierce. Members work throughout the year to create the best themes, floats, costumes, and dance performances. Over the four day celebration, schools parade and compete against each other in the Sambadrome, a building that can hold 60,000 spectators. Millions of people also party throughout the city and on Rios famous beaches, Ipanema and Copacabana. New Orleans, Louisiana New Orleans, Louisiana is home to Mardi Gras, the most popular Carnaval in the United States. Dozens of social clubs, called krewes, parade through the streets of New Orleans over a six week period. The people on the floats or on horseback throw small presents to the spectators, such as beads, plastic cups, and stuffed animals. Revelers party in the citys French Quarter. Mardi Gras still occurs annually, even after Hurricane Katrina impacted the city in 2005. Trinidad and Tobago The two small islands of Trinidad and Tobago are known for having the best Carnaval in the Caribbean Sea. Trinidads Carnaval has been influenced by African cultures due to the slave trade hundreds of years ago. On the two days before Ash Wednesday, revelers dance in the streets to the sounds of calypso music and steelpan drums. Venice, Italy Since the 12th century, Venices Carnaval has been well known for intricately created masks and masquerade balls. Throughout history, Venices Carnival was banned numerous times, but since 1979 the event has occurred annually. Many events occur in the citys famous canals. Additional Carnavals in the United States Although New Orleans has the most visited Mardi Gras in the United States, some smaller celebrations include those in: Mobile, AlabamaBiloxi, MississippiPensacola, FloridaGalveston, TexasBaton Rouge, Lafayette, and Shreveport, Louisiana Additional Carnavals in Latin America Besides Rio de Janeiro and Trinidad, many more cities in largely Catholic Latin America celebrate Carnaval. These include: Salvador, Recife, and Olinda, BrazilOruro, BoliviaBuenos Aires, ArgentinaMazatlan, MexicoSome cities in Colombia, Uruguay, Panama, and the Dominican Republic Additional Carnavals in Europe Many more cities still celebrate Carnaval on the continent where it originated. These include: Viareggio, ItalyTenerife Island, part of Spains Canary IslandsCadiz, SpainBinche, BelgiumCologne, GermanyDusseldorf, Germany Carnaval Entertainment and Imagination The activities of the Carnaval season, developed over centuries from religious and cultural rituals, have become enormously popular in several cities around the world. Large crowds congregate in the streets to enjoy the extravagant parades, rhythm of the music, and colorful costumes. Its an exciting, creative spectacle that no visitor will ever forget.

Climate Anomalies for a Particular Region Essay

Climate Anomalies for a Particular Region - Essay Example The waves are disturbed by two forcing, namely, Orographic forcing and Thermal forcing. Orographic forcing, more relevant in northern hemisphere owing to dominating surface topography with Rocky Mountain and Tibetan plateau, relates to planetary waves generated due to the compression and expansion of air columns, leading to vortex stretching which can be balanced by the vorticity advection (Dickinson, 1978). Thermal forcing, varying with seasonal change in thermal effect, relates to generation of planetary waves by the adiabatic heating and cooling due to rising and sinking air motions; this maybe balanced by temperature advection (Ashe, 1987). In the subsequent paragraphs we shall examine climate anomalies for a particular region in the context of the large scale hemispheric wave pattern with a multiple objective to firstly, convert temperature and precipitation data, obtained from the Plymouth University Portal, into appropriate graphs, secondly, discuss and compare the seasons wit h reference to the hemispheric flow and lastly, discuss the possible reason for the variation in the temperature and precipitation on temporal and spatial scales. Examination of the climate anomalies involved collection of temperature and precipitati... This was followed by statistical analysis of the data which included determination of mean temperature and standard deviation for the four regions. The monthly hemispheric charts were plotted with the help of NOAA's Climate Diagnostics Centre following the link, http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/cdc/dtat.ncep.reanalysis.derived.html. Following steps are required for obtaining the plot:- When the above link opens Click on 'Pressure level Data'. The page automatically moves down. Now click on the 'Geo-potential height'. This should open a new page, scroll down and Click on 'make plot (Monthly Mean)'. To improve the chart quality, adhere to following details:- Select latitude between 20 and 90N, Select 500 mb and Select suitable dates (from, to). Now, select 'Plot' on white background, Polar stereographic and Remove Colour Plot. Finally click on Create Plot. Figure 1: Map of Europe, Source: Praxis network, 2007 The results were obtained place-wise, for four different regions, for summer and winter seasons. All graphs show the average monthly temperature or precipitation during a season. The data has been taken from the following regions (also marked in Figure 1 above):- Station Elevation (m) Latitude Longitude Toulouse 152 43.60 N 1.40 E Edinburgh 41 55.95 N 3.35 W Alborg 13 57.10 N 9.87 E Helsinki 53 60.30 N 25.00 E Table 1: Region Coordinates Final Results Figure 2: shows the average summer temperature for the period 1951-1991 for all stations Toulouse The average summer temperature graph shows the average maximum temperatures recorded in Toulouse from 1951 to 1991. The highest average temperature of 21.9 C was recorded in Toulouse in the summer of 1990 while lowest

International financial accounting and theory Term Paper

International financial accounting and theory - Term Paper Example Accounting theories are primarily developed to enhance economic decision making prior to financial record keeping and reporting. In the modern times however, industrial activities have had both positive and negative impacts especially on the society and the environment. The government and the society have consistently aired their concern and pressure on companies to address the adverse impacts of business undertakings on both environment and society. In this regard, social and environmental accounting theories have been integrated into the accounting practices to account for these concerns. The strengths, weaknesses and limitations of these theories and their position in the current accounting frameworks are evaluated in this paper. Social theory in accounting practices is concerned with the social responsibility of entities in regard to their recording keeping and financial reporting. Although it is not necessary for companies and business entities to prepare income statements and balance sheets that pertain to social responsibilities, it is important for such entities to evaluate their social achievements and success by evaluating their social performance aspects. Social accounting is used to measure this performance and report the social responsibility of a firm given the social activities it undertakes (Business and Economic Review, 2006, p.21).

David Myers, Worldcom Essay Example for Free

David Myers, Worldcom Essay Introduction WorldCom was Americas second largest telecom company in 2000 (The WorldCom Accounting Scandal, 2002). Making a modest beginning in the hinterland of Mississippi in 1983 with a meager capital of less than 100,000 USD it reached the pinnacle of corporate success reporting more than USD 39 billion in revenue and USD 150 million in MCAP (The WorldCom Accounting Scandal, 2002). In the process it became 42nd in the Fortune 500 list. Under the leadership of CEO Bernie Ebbers it grew rapidly by means of acquisitions and increased demand for telecom services farther fuelled the growth of WorldCom during the whole of 90s. However on June 25, 2002, WorldCom announced that it had overstated earnings in 2001 and the first quarter of 2002 by more than $3.8 billion (The WorldCom Accounting Scandal, 2002). The Scandal WorldCom scandal was one of the biggest accounting scandals of American corporate history. WorldCom was a U.S based telecommunication company. The WorldCom accounting scandal was disclosed in 2002. The Company had resorted to fraudulent accounting practices for five quarters (four quarters of 2001 and the first quarter of 2002) (The WorldCom Accounting Scandal, 2002). The well-known telecommunication company WorldCom and the accounting, auditing and consultancy enterprise were involved in this big accounting fraud. The corporate scandal of WorldCom ultimately headed the company towards the disgrace that ensued in the biggest bankruptcy in American history. After this act the company terminated the service of the top executive including Scott Sullivan, the Chief Financial Officer and David Myers, the Senior Vice President and Controller. Myers knew that the accounting entries were made without supporting documentation, were not in conformity with GAAP, were not disclosed to the investing public, and were designed to allow WorldCom to appear to meet Wall Street analysts quarterly earnings estimates. In addition, during the same period Myers and others, including members of senior management, made materially false or misleading statements or omissions to WorldComs independent auditors in connection with audits and the preparation of filings with the Commission. Myers violated the anti-fraud, books and records, and internal control provisions of the federal securities laws, and aided and abetted WorldComs violations of the reporting, books and records, and internal control provisions of the federal  securities laws. Using this illegal accounting practice WorldCom intended to defer and spread the expenditure for the next 5-10 years. Significance of Organizational Behavior Theories Organizational theories help to the company for surviving in the global environment. The WorldCom Company CFO and Director may not have followed good organizational behavior theories. Had they followed good organizational behavior theories, they would save the organization from the failure. Ethical Decision Making Ethical decision making represents the decision that is based on the ethics. The ethical decision making involves making those decisions that are in the favor of all related persons of company such as board of directors, shareholders and stakeholders. The ethical decision making helps the company for making the goodwill and the long term survival in the global market. The WorldCom Company did not adopt the ethical decision making theory as if they did there would have been false numbers reported. The company was continuously doing misrepresentation of the accounts and the company became the bankrupt. If the company CFO and executive would adopt the ethical decision making theory, they would have resolved the bankruptcy due misappropriation of balance sheet of the company (McKenna, 2000). Goal Setting Goal setting theory is very useful methods to motivate the employee to enhance their capacity for attain the organizational goal. Goal setting theory directly affects the performance of the organization. This theory helps the employee and the concern people of the company to set the appropriate objective for the organization. If the WorldCom would have adopted the goal setting theory in their organization, its executive and auditor would have not gone for the unethical accounting practices for the business (Griffin Moorhead, 2009). Corporate Governance Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions, which directed, administered and controlled over the corporation (Monks Minow, 2008). Corporate governance is a way by which a  company governs itself for providing the values to their stake holders. The WorldCom did not follow the corporate governance policy. If the WorldCom would have followed the corporate governance it would have not led towards this business failure and company would have not gone for the unethical practices conduct in the organization. Corporate governance would have increased the faith of stakeholders towards the company and company would have survived for long time (Monks Minow, 2008). Adoption of Ethical Behavior The Ethical Behavior would enhance the performance of the company, because the ethical behavior would creates the good image of the company among the stakeholders. If The WorldCom would have adopted the ethical behavior in the organization it would not have attained bankruptcy in the market. The company acted in unethically to misrepresent the accounts of the company (Salter, 2008). Contribution of Leadership, Management and Organizational Structures Every organization is directed with a particular leadership, management and organizational structure. The WorldCom Company is directed by their directors, CFO and the auditors. If a leader is indulged in ethical practice its follower also follows that kind of management and leadership qualities. The WorldCom auditor was indulged in the misrepresentation of the accounts of the company and due to his this kind of conduct his followers also got indulged in wrong act. How it could have been avoided? We conclude that the debacle in WorldCom could have been avoided by a more independent and watchful board of directors, which should have sent a signal to the company management that somebody, is watching them closely and they better mend their ways and means. The concept of board of directors is age old and when it functions properly it is effective. In this case the independent directors failed in their responsibilities. In almost all corporate fraud it has been seen that the board has been ineffective over a long period of time and aggressive managers use this opportunity to take the rein completely in their own hand. We also conclude that Arther Anderson miserably failed in its duty as external auditor. We hold a puppet board and a malleable auditor as responsible in allowing Ebbers and his associates to perpetrate the accounting fraud. Both the board of directors and external  auditors has roles in averting operational risk and they have failed in their responsibilities (McShane, Glinow, Sharma, 2006). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Due to organization such as WorldCom Congress rushed to pass the complicated Sarbanes-Oxley Act. CEOs and CFOs of public companies are required to personally certify the accuracy of various financial reports, with significant criminal penalties for false certifications (up to 10 years in prison for â€Å"knowing† violations; up to 20 years if â€Å"willful†) (WorldCom scandal, nod.). While the penalties sound significant, the government’s difficulty in enforcing this provision will likely come in proving that a corporate officer’s inaccurate certification was done at least â€Å"knowingly,† as opposed to negligently or even recklessly. However, in short this law made many disclosures and certifications on the part of the firm mandatory. It also made the commitment of the external auditor binding. This is significant in view of the fact that when WorldCom fraud came to light, Arthur Anderson simply issued a statement saying the last two year’s accounting statement are no longer reliable without owning much responsibility. What is noteworthy is the fact that US authority introduced the risk management step in the form of Sarbanes Oxley legislation, making the BOD, the company management and the external auditor responsible and bound by law. In addition, if a public company makes a required accounting restatement due to misconduct, that company’s CEO and CFO can be forced to forfeit any bonuses or profits gained from selling company stock for a one-year period. But the lack of definitions for the terms required and misconduct, other potential loopholes, and the SEC’s power to grant exemptions could combine to dilute the strength of this provision. The new law makes it somewhat easier for the government to prohibit officers and directors who have committed securities law violations from ever again serving in those positions. However, that potential sanction was at least theoretically available even before passage of Sarbanes-Oxley. Conclusion A leader is a person that directs a company and its management and if he adopts wrong practices to achieve personal goals, the management may get distract and go in the unethical direction. Management of WorldCom was not  evaluating the efforts of its executives, CFO and auditors that is a conduct as every business demands continuous evaluation. Another major contributing factor in the direction of companys failure was its organization structure that was not managed and apportioned appropriately by its top management. The organization structure of the World Com was also not appropriate. In WorldCom, there was the lack span of control, means the audit department was not report to the companys upper level management and not provides the right information about the accounts status of the company (Mcshane, Von Glinow Sharma, 2006). There was also lack of transparency in the organization. That means in the organization two different levels of management did not know about the wrongdoings which they were doing in the organization and there was not flow of information with each other. In any business, the organizational behavior of the company starts from top management. If the top management has high moral, ethical and leadership traits and standards, then so will the employees. The leaders of WorldCom, in this case did not and it not only affected the company but other telecommunications equipment manufacturers, and other employees. Top management must set the standards and keep them. Changing basic accounting procedures and the lack of ethical standards with top management contributed to the fall of WorldCom. References Griffin.R.W Moorhead.G. (2009). Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. McKenna, E. F. (2000). Business Psychology and Organizational Behavior: A Students Handbook (3rd Ed.). Psychology Press. McShane.S.L, Von Glinow.M.A. Sharma.R.R. (2006). Organizational Behavior (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Monks.R.G Minow.N. (2008). Corporate governance (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. Salter, M.S. (2008). Innovation Corrupted: The Origins and Legacy of Enrons Collapse. Harvard University Press. The WorldCom Accounting Scandal, (2002). Retrieved September 7, 2013. From http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Finance/The%20WorldCom%20Ac counting%20Scandal.htm WorldCom scandal: Lessons for corporate America, (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2013. From WSJ.com: http://online.wsj.com WorldCom Scandal. (n.d.). Retrieved September 6, 2013. From http://voices.yahoo.com

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Ladies, gentlemen, parents, friends, family, staff, fellow students: Instead of taking up more time and reading my speech, it is available to you at http://www.olen’s_speech.com. Thank you. No, just kidding. But seriously folks... Today we are gathered here to celebrate our graduation from 12 long years of schooling. The education granted to us has been a privilege. One so graciously given to us by the citizens of our state, by our community, and by our parents. Today would not be possible without them. So far this evening we have looked back over the many past memories of our school years, remembering the good times and the bad, talking about the fun times, and so on. Now I would like to bring your focus to the present, and make a challenge for us for the future. The ceremony tonight is a very old and traditional one. In past, such a graduation meant not only the completion of a school career, but also a step into adulthood, into society, into the world. With this came many duties and responsibilities. This still applies to today. I’m sure many of you have heard the â€Å"going into the real world† speech as often quoted at high school graduations. You know, the one outlining the responsibilities of living on your own: cooking your own meals, balancing a checkbook, doing your own laundry, etc. Those are all well and good, but I’m talking about something a little different — responsibilities which go beyond those — the duties and rights of citizenship. Most of you are 18 already, or will be very soon, this is the age at which we can vote. As full citizens, it is now our right, and one which we should not let pass by. Our country is founded upon a democracy, and all democracies have one integral part: power b... ...hould in the future suffer what they did — to save freedom by bloodshed. We owe it to them to prevent wars, and to know, to understand, to teach, and to learn from our neighbors around the world, so that we might learn to live in peace. I am saying all of this tonight as a challenge to us as we venture forth this day. It is tempting for us as graduating seniors to treat this moment as one of reveling in our independence from high school. But this night is not just for the moment; it is also for our futures to look back to. Let’s celebrate the new privilege and responsibility which will be given to us as the class of the new millennium: to make it better than the past. For we should all be concerned with the future, because that is where we will all spend the rest of our lives. Thank you, everyone. And the best of luck to the future of the Class of 2006!

How Height Affects Time Taken for A Falling Object to Reach Ground Level Essay

Introduction: In this investigation, how height will affect the time taken for a steel ball bearing to reach the ground will be investigated. It is was Isaac Newton that first discovered gravity and wrote laws defining it. His Second Law of Motion states that the Resultant Force on an object (F) is equal to the Mass of the body (m) times its acceleration (a), or . The weight (W) of a body is the force of gravity acting on it, which gives it acceleration (g) if it is falling freely close to the earth’s surface. If the body was to have a mass (m) Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion could calculate its weight. Given that and Newton’s Law becomes . In April of 2003, in a method similar to that, which will be conducted in this investigation, the acceleration of gravity was concluded to be 9.81. Using the knowledge mentioned above, several equation of motion have been created. One particularly relevant to this investigation is . In this equation: S = Distance in meters (In this case height) u = Initial velocity in * t = Time Taken in seconds a = Acceleration in ** * As the ball begins its fall from rest, its initial velocity, u, will be 0 ** As the ball is falling under acceleration due to gravity, = 9.81 Plan: In this investigation, since the means to calculate air resistance and friction are unavailable, they will be ignored. Acceleration due to gravity and the method by which the investigation will be carried out are controlled variables. The height from which the ball is dropped is the independent variable, i.e. the variable that is changed and the dependent variable is the time taken for the ball to reach the ground. It is predicted that as the height from which the ball is dropped decreases, the time taken for the ball to reach the ground will also decrease. An actual set of predicted values can be predicted from the earlier mention Equations of Motion. This line of the equation can be related to the straight-line graph equation , (the gradient) and . When the ball is dropped from 0.00m, it takes 0.00seconds to reach the ground as this will mean that the graph will pass through the origin so . Alternatively: . Using the above equations, the expected results for the investigation are: Height H, (m) Time t, (secs) Time squared t2, (secs2) 1.0 0.452 0.204 0.9 0.428 0.183 0.8 0.404 0.163 0.7 0.378 0.143 0.6 0.350 0.123 0.5 0.319 0.102 0.4 0.288 0.082 0.3 0.247 0.061 0.2 0.202 0.041 0.1 0.143 0.020 0.0 0.000 0.000 This is what the expected graph of Height vs. time should look like: Height (m) Time (secs) The following page shows what the expected graph for Height vs. time2 should look like. It is a straight line passing through the origin, thus proving the prediction . The expected gradient, m, should be equal to 1/2 g, or, 4.905ms-2. It is actually 4.926ms-2, which is only 0.021 ms-2 out or 0.428%. This is probably due to the rounding of decimal places when drawing the graph and human error in plotting the points (i.e. not exactly accurate to 3 decimal places.) Apparatus & Diagram: Safety: As there is a very minimal risk in this investigation, no safety measures need to be taken. It is planned to drop the ball from a height of 1m and decrease in intervals of 0.1m. At each height 5 readings will be recorded and then the mean result will be calculated. This makes the results more reliable (and better for use in calculation like working out g or the mass of the steel ball.) The Results will be recorded in a table like this: Height (cm) Time taken for ball to reach ground (seconds) Mean Result Mean Result2 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 00 It is hoped that a graph of height vs. the mean results squared will be produced similar to that on page 4. In the graph, it is hoped to prove that the time-taken-for-a-ball2 to fall is directly proportional to the height it is dropped from, i.e. . Obtaining Evidence: Height (cm) Time taken for ball to reach ground (seconds) Mean Result Mean Result2 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 100 0.456 0.454 0.458 0.454 0.454 0.455 0.207 90 0.432 0.431 0.431 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.186 80 0.406 0.407 0.406 0.407 0.406 0.406 0.165 70 0.380 0.382 0.382 0.383 0.381 0.382 0.146 60 0.353 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.125 50 0.323 0.323 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.104 40 0.289 0.288 0.293 0.289 0.287 0.289 0.084 30 0.252 0.251 0.251 0.250 0.251 0.251 0.063 20 0.208 0.207 0.206 0.206 0.206 0.207 0.043 10 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.151 0.150 0.023 00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Graphs: In the following pages, the results recorded in the above table will be shown in the form of line graphs. This will make it easier to identify a trend in the results. It is also an appropriate method of recording the information and is useful for quick reference; also if the time for the ball to fall is desired from a height other than the ones specified in the table, the value can be obtained from the graph. Conclusion: The general trends from the graphs show, as predicted; when the height from which the ball was dropped decreased, the time taken for the ball to reach the ground also decreased. In the graph of Height vs. Time2,, it is shown that Height is directly proportional to Time2. The reason for this is derived from one of the Equations of Motion: , from this equation below, it was shown that . The final line of the above equation can be related to the straight-line graph equation . , (the gradient) and . C can be ignored as the line in the graph passes the y-axis at the orgin. Fundamentally: . H = S = The height in meters from which the ball was dropped. = The time in seconds that the ball took to land. a = g = The acceleration due to the gravitational pull of the earth. Note: The factor that affected the acceleration was g, (which, on earth, is ) is the mass of the planet, for Earth this is constant. The results of the investigation are consistent with the prediction. The relationship of was proved in the similarity of the graphs on page 4 & 8, they had almost the exact same gradient, only 0.072ms-2 in difference (or 1.462%) it was also very similar to the mathematical prediction of the gradient (1/2g) again only 0.051 ms-2 out. Evaluation: In this investigation, all results are held to be very reliable. When the data was being collected, sophisticated technology was used which measured time accurately and reliably to the nearest thousandth of a second. All recorded results were in very close proximity of each other, so that 0.006seconds was the maximum difference observed. There were no anomalies observed. All points on the graph on page 8 are not only close to the line of best fit, they are actually on it. The results in this investigation are believed to be very reliable; as a result no changes need to be made to the procedure.

Case Study for Canady vs Walmart Essay

1. In your own words, what does pretext mean? Pretext is a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason. 2. Write a paragraph that supports the argument that Canady’s dismissal was based on racial discrimination. Canady’s would say that his dismissal was based on racial discrimination because Smith a manager introduced himself as a slave driver. Next Smith, ask Canady â€Å"What’s up, my nigga?† and was also referred to as a â€Å"lawn jockey†. He also claimed that Smith made states that all African American look alike, and that his skin color wiped off on towels. Since Canady did not report these comments when Smith made them; Smith continued to use the phase from the Rush Hour movie. He could also believe that the day we was left in the department by himself that management was discriminating against him because he was left to do all the work with no help. 3. Write a paragraph that supports that argument that Wal-Mart’s decision was based on Canady’s insubordination. Wal-Mart’s decision was based on insubordination for one Canady was eating in an area where there are policies in place that prohibits easting in the food preparation area. When asked to stop eating in the prohibited area Canady started an argument with management. After the store manager was called to help with the situation Canady continued argue loudly in front of customers and other associates. Candy did not follow the policy that does not allow employees to eat in the food preparation area and he was arguing with management in front of other was insubordination. 4. Research the case. How did the court rule? Why did they rule in this manner? The wrongful termination claim, that claim fails to make out a prima facie case in that Canady failed to establish the fourth prong (i.e. that there are facts that permit an inference of discrimination). Alternatively, even if Canady made out a prima facie case, he failed to present sufficient evidence of pretext. The fact that Smith made racially offensive remarks is of no consequence because those remarks were made outside of the decision making process. The ruling on the hostile work environment claim, the Court found that Smith’s comments are not sufficiently offensive to the actionable. The Circuit Judge Lay dissents.

Taobao Case Analysis Essays

Taobao Case Analysis Essays Taobao Case Analysis Essay Taobao Case Analysis Essay Question 1: What are the major differences in the web designs of Taobao and eBay in China? Which is preferred to on-line buyers and sellers in China? Why? Taobao sought to distinguish itself from eBay in numerous ways. So Taobao’s web designs were imbued with a strong local culture that reflected a deep understanding of Chinese consumers and an attitude of informality. First of all, the website was designed like a Chinese department store. Taobao’s web designs are with strong colors, a little bit noisy, with lots of links. For example, they designed men’s and women’s navigation tab, to make it more suitable for Chinese customers. The following are Taobao and eBay’s homepage on November 4,2010. Taobao’s Homepage: eBAY’s home page: Secondly, Taobao also developed a number of mechanisms on the website to help creat the trust between sellers and buyers because in China, even in business, affect- and cognition-based trust are highly intertwined. Sellers need to register using their ID and bank account information. * Taobao allowed buyers and vendors to provide feedback for each other and distinguished a person’s score as a seller and a buyer while eBay only has one score for one user. * Taobao introduced Alipay in 2004. Alipay is an escrow service designed to eliminate settlement risk among trading parties. Lastly, Taobao also embedded an IM service, Wangwang, in its website to facilitate communication between buyers and sellers and between users and the company. Wangwang allows buyers to directly haggle with sellers. This service reduced the communication problems of Taobao tremendously, compared to eBay. Due to the better understanding of Chinese culture and Chinese customers, Taobao’s website designs are preferred by Chinese eyes because it reflected how Chinese shoppers think. Question 2: Why did Taobao establish the Alipay system? Why did not eBay establish such a system when its market share in China was still high? The whole reason for Alipay goes back to the issue of trust between buyers and ellers. Initially, Taobao had issues with buyers paying, and never receiving the item. The solution was to create an intermediary service that received the payment, held the payment until the buyer received the shipment, and then released the funds to the seller. This system created trust between the buyer and seller, allowing them to work together under the guidance of a third party. Taobao understood the importance of offering payment mec hanisms as part of their service, because of China’s poorly developed e-business infrastructure. Ma and his team also had longstanding relationship with Chinese government officials and leaders in the Chinese banking industry, which gave him the support of existing financial institutions. Part of Ebay’s issue was a lack of understanding of some of the differences between doing business in China and the US. When a person signs a contract in the US, it is strongly protected by the rule of law, and the seller is liable if they don’t fulfill their orders. In contrast, China’s rule of law is much weaker, with little recourse if a person doesn’t fulfill a contract. In China, people are much more comfortable dealing in cash, and actually used Taobao to arrange offline meetings to exchange payment and goods. In addition, the whole idea of ecommerce was a new concept in China, and Ebay assumed that people in China were as familiar with it as people in the US. While Ebay had Paypal, it didn’t provide strong enough protection for the Chinese customer or seller. Alipay introduced several protection mechanisms other than the double-confirmation system. It connected an Alipay account to a person’s national identity card, minimizing the risk of fraudulent accounts. Alipay also worked with logistics companies to organize transportation of goods. Besides, many Internet users dislike eBay because its Paypal did not seamlessly integrate escrow into the sales process like Taobao’s Alipay made escrow as an important component of the online buying experience. Only when losing lots of market shares to Taobao, did eBay recognize this fact and made attempts to incorporate escrow but it was too late to regain lost market shares. Question 3: Why can not Harvard MBA graduates beat the locally educated managers in China in this Taobao case? Even the best CEOs who graduated from the prestigious Harvard Business School make bad acquisitions. What’s notable about Meg Whitman’s career at eBay, however, is how her record cleaves into two neat parts: She did well during the companys go-go growth stage, but much less well as the company became large and mature. Early on, Whitman recognized that China offered stupendous opportunities for new growth. In 2003, eBay purchased the Beijing-based EachNet auction site. Three years and $300 million later, eBay shut down its China site. What are the reasons to this embarrassing failure of a management team most of whom were Harvard MBA graduates while their competitors are locally-educated managers in China? The main reason is those HBS graduates lack the understanding of cultural and legal context in China. Firstly, they kept the same platform as for US. However, this sparse site was not what Chinese shoppers like. In the meanwhile, Jack Ma was so successful in Taobao design by imbuing Taobao with a strong local culture that reflected a deep understanding of Chinese consumers who prefer busy web designs with strong colors and lots of links. Secondly, eBay management team did not recognize the importance of building up trust which is critical to business culture in china. Later attempts by eBay to incorporate escrow to their payment system were too late to regain lost market shares. Besides, initially eBay did not allow buyers and sellers to communicate directly while Taobao from the very beginning allows for direct instant messaging between the two parties. It was said that while TaoBao’s no-fee policy hurt eBay, the falloff was not precipitous. What caused a customer exodus was a major strategic error, combined with bungling by eBay’s corporate bureaucracy, which failed to react quickly to mounting problems. Whitman envisioned a â€Å"global village† to create one universal eBay site. For a year, eBay and EachNet worked on a transition plan to switch from EachNet’s China technology platform to the system in the United States. EBay traffic would flow back and forth between the two countries; previously, the China traffic had mostly stayed in China. It was said to be a great vision, but a terrible business strategy. The data capacity of overseas Internet pipes couldn’t handle all the traffic; loading speeds on the site slowed dramatically. Furthermore, the overseas traffic received more scrutiny from China’s â€Å"great firewall† - a system of government filters that screens for political contentwhich further slowed eBay’s China site. Whitman’s campaign said, â€Å"Meg and her top executives moved to China for months† during the summer of 2005 to make the endeavor work and noted that Google and Yahoo faced extreme difficulty in China as well. However, despite those efforts, by late 2006, eBay shut its China site while buying a minority stake in Tom Online, a tiny auction market player whose market share today is in the single digits. In other words, Whitman and her management team accepted the failure to their locally-educated competitors from Taobao. Question 4: Can the Taobao model (C2C) apply to the B2B market in China? Why and why not? It would be fairly difficult to apply a C2C model to a B2B market because the business model is complete different, and the customer / users are totally different as well. Since the business model should be designed to meet target customers’ demand and needs, we wouldn’t suggest applying Taobao model to the B2B market in China. Like what is mentioned in the case, Alibaba Group has two platforms designed for C2C and B2B market: Alibaba and Taobao. Alibaba provide companies’ information for users to find a business partner. They know that credibility is important, so they introduced TrustPass service later on. On the other hand, Taobao is designed exclusively for a C2C market. Users can find each other’s products through the platform, and the team designed the Webpage according to users’ culture preference and habits. As we can see, for different targets, we need different strategies and methods. However, it is of course beneficial to learn from Taobao experience if a company wants to aim on a B2B market. For example, it is very important to KNOW your target customers. When Taobao was starting, they knew that if they want to beat their rival (eBay), they need to provide a core value that is unique and appealing to the users of a auction website. They study the preference of Chinese users and make web pages attractive to them. The other thing to learn from Taobao is the importance to provide a secure buy and sell system. In order to make sure that customers who make the payment would receive the products they purchase, Taobao introduced Alipay so that the seller wouldn’t receive the payment until the buyer gets the product.

How to spell in lieu of

How to spell in lieu of How to spell in lieu of How to spell in lieu of By Maeve Maddox Whenever I come across an unusual misspelling, I do a search to see how common it is. This misspelling of in lieu of caught my attention: †¦so i can run keynote in leu of having to use powerpoint. A Google search for in leu of brought up about 23,600,000 hits. The bank is asking if we would like to do a deed in leu of foreclosure. I was told I could take jail time in leu of the fine. Hair flower in leu of a veil Anyone ever use duct tape in leu of rim tape? How long can I leave potatoes in the ground? (in leu of storage) To be fair, most of these examples are from forums and comments. Google does ask Did you mean in lieu of? The expression came into English from French en lieu de, in place of, from the Latin phrase in loco, in place of. Our English word instead is a calque of these foreign expressions. It was written as two words, in stead, until the 17th century. Stead means place, as in homestead. Bottom line: If youre not sure how to spell in lieu of, you can use instead of instead. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureThe Parts of a Word20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

Pros and Cons of a Person With a Mental Illness as a US President Essay

Pros and Cons of a Person With a Mental Illness as a US President - Essay Example Some mental disorders have symptoms which may negatively affect not only the patient him or herself but also the other people around which is classified as a violation of one’s freedom and certain right in every individual case. Delusions of the President would negatively affect his decisions making: the decision made in a condition of delusion would be characterized by nonsense, for example, to close all the universities or increase the taxes by 1000 times. Obviously, these ideas are not realistic, but the person with a mental illness would not react to such statements and would go on reckoning that only he or she is right. Hallucinations are also negative things for the person acting as a US President: for example, some decision may be taken properly, but it may turn out to be that the patient with a mental disorder has taken advice from a phantom, not from a real person, and revealing this fact would create concern among the public. Disorganized behavior is also a symptom which makes a person unpredictable: for example, today the President feels excited and makes good presents and treats the people around good, but tomorrow he or she may become very aggressive and apply the behavior model which is not proper for a country leader. Taking the above said into consideration, it is possible to state that there are more cons than pros in the possibility of a mentally ill person becoming the US President, and they all concern the way the other people may be affected by a person subjected to a certain mental illness.

LOVE Bussines Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LOVE Bussines Law - Essay Example At the same time, employment law also deals with the various actions of workers and employers, human rights and responsibilities, in addition to their affiliation with one another. In this particular case, Jill Johansen is an MBA graduate from recognized university and this enhances her capability for quick employment in any firm. Soon after this, she applies for a job in St. Louis, Missouri, a firm of â€Å"Momma Mia.† After careful examination of all the resumes, the company wishes to hire a young MBA graduate who can support their business development, enhance their public image and influence customers and clients with pleasantness and charm. However, the company primarily intends to cash on the beauty of the incumbent. The position would need the workers to travel and build up other professionals in the branch offices. After the interview, selection, photo shoot test and on camera presentation, Jill is hired as an independent contractor and in that capability she signs a agreement for $90,000.00 as year for 5years. The agreement includes an arbitration mediation clause, which needs her to complete this process if there is an agreement dispute and th e results will be lawfully binding and she will waive her future civil rights in state and federal court to contest any kinds of violations in employment. Within two months of her posting, she finds that the company also needs her to be the one of the key participant of the client escort service. It is clear that during the initial selection procedure she is aware of this job requirement. She comes from a background of strong religious beliefs and, therefore, she is not in a position to do the escort service. Thus, she opposes the organization’s service and approaches the justice department to turn out be a key witness. Once the organization is indicted, they fire her and refuse to honor the agreement. In this case, she is liable to get compensation from the company. A contract proposes to

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

INDIVIDUAL - Coursework Example ‘Blaak’ brands are much accommodative since they can go hand in hand with most colours and blaak simply was for the transformative quality of the colour. BLAAK has spread its geographical brand to Asia, US, Oceanic with new markets emerging in Africa. BLAAK philosophy remains but the visions has widened and now include other creation with colours other than black, and with the combination of innovation and imagination to create the new and unique style to bring believe to the market. These have lead to designs like the Cropped Tracksuit Trouser, Cropped shirt, Denim jackets and much more. Blaak developed inspirational men’s shirt with traditions of old U.K. embedded with English roses, and using English techniques that have been a tradition, with the detached collar, one can wear a tie or can go informal with half collar. BLAAK has sourced internationally to countries like France, US and many more countries. Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats Black colour Varie ty fashion designs Market niche   Ã‚  Geographic area   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strong brand name over dependence of one market niche high cost structure brilliant designers technological advancements cheap products from competitors -shift in consumer tastes Strength Black colour: - the dependence of the black colour which very much interacts with most   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  colours and fits in all spectra of lifestyle gives black the upper edge its brand. Variety fashion designs:-with the brilliant expertise in the field of design, blaak has an   Ã‚  Ã‚  upper advantage of giving the best to the consumers Market niche:-with a market niche of states and continents, Blaak has a market niche that is enough for growth and expansion which gives it upper hand in making profits only if geographic, physiographic and demographic segmentation is taken into conside ration. Patent: - patent is strength that blaak has considering it is a patent that bears a name of the ‘root material colour’ Weakness Over dependence of one market niche:-With the dependence of Britain as its main market, putting less emphasis in other markets, blaak has a weakness in that it has a growth opportunity but does not exploit fully. High cost structure: - the cost structure for maintaining and manufacturing its designs is higher compared if growth would have been expanded to other emerging markets which can offer cheaper production cost. Opportunities Emerging economies: - it pose a great opportunity to blaak, with these conditions of growing markets and population increase; investors may serve these markets profitably by adaptation of their strategies considering the local context. For example, groups with low income are prudent to be served with cost efficient mass products, with the emphasis on economies of scale and profits being earned by the large sa le volumes Brilliant designers: - With the designer’s brilliance in design, blaak has the best opportunity to provide for the changing consumer preference therefore satisfying the consumer’s needs and preference. Technological advancements: - with the advancement blaak technologically, blaak has the potential to produce more products that are advance and cheap due to technological advancement therefore meeting the market demand. Threats Threats from other competitors: - the

People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work Essay

People With Dementia In Hong Kong Social Work Essay Nowadays, day care, or nursing home is one of centers of providing stimulation to participants with dementia and scheduling relief to caregivers. However, day care did little to resolve continuing care issues that resume upon the individual returning home while it provided tremendous relief during the hours of service. So, family caregivers still provide extraordinary, uncompensated care, predominantly in the home setting (Lavretsky et al., 2010).   Unfortunately, caregivers are often placed at great risk for negative outcomes that also compromise the well-being of the patients with dementia and heighten their risk for placement in institutional settings. As a result, caregiver needs are overlooked in most clinical and service settings, which may exacerbate the issue of care of people with dementia. Challenges of family caregivers 1. Biological perspectives Caregivers of people with dementia must manage their loved-ones activities of daily living, such as dressing, toileting, and eating. Physically, caregivers are faced with demands involving assistance with daily activities and increased daytime dysfunction compared to non-caregiving controls (McKibbin et al., 2005). Besides, sleep disturbances have deleterious effects on family caregivers health, which is also documented as being predictive of heightened risks, including cardiovascular disease (Rose et al., 2008). At the same time, fatigue may contribute to the depletion of caregivers decision to institutionalize their demented spouse (Vitaliano et al., 2003). 2. Psychological perspectives The stress of caregiving in dementia has been highlighted in numerous studies, often described as an on-going stress process (Schulz Martire, 2004). At the beginning, loved one has been diagnosed with dementia, leaving many with a sense of dread, uncertainty, fear, and shame (Gorina et al., 2006). Moreover, in one study, caregivers expressed their concerns about a lack of knowledge on the cause of illness, on the treatments available for their relative, and on the types of services available and how to access those services (Wong et al., 2003). In addition, they feel frustration when having difficulty managing drug compliance and medical follow-ups, positive symptoms, such as bizarre behaviors, excessive and uncontrollable emotions, and negative symptoms of their relatives with mental illness, such as idling at home and lying in bed all the time (Wong, 2000). Later, grief might occur in response to loss of personal freedom, worry about the future, changes in roles and role conflict, and disruptions in functioning (Holly Mast, 2009). Compared with Western culture, the sense of familial responsibility among Chinese caregivers in Hong Kong exacerbates the stress of caregiving in dementia (Wong, 2000). Social perspectives Social costs are being borne by caregivers with relatives suffering from chronic mental illness (Lowder et al., 2005). Many studies have found that family members, particularly the caregivers, experience an increase in family conflicts, limited friendship and social life, financial difficulty, change in daily routines (Wong et al., 2002; Schulz Martire, 2004; Wong, 2006).Moreover, Hong Kong caregivers scored significantly higher in social costs than the Australian caregivers (Wong et al., 2002). Considering the challenges of family caregivers above, the purpose of this article is to explore the potentiality of supporting to caregivers of people with dementia in Hong Kong, in consideration of the well-being of the patients, especially of themselves. Current situation in Hong Kong Services provided in Hong Kong In Hong Kong the service provided for caregivers of dementia people is holistic. Social Welfare Department has hotline services as well as family services centers to offer counseling, support, and referral services to carers. And the carers support cernter in it and in Caritas Hong Kong also provide support services for those who need to take care of the elderly at home. Scope of service in such kind of centers are mianly skill-training and educational programs, self-help and mutual support groups, resouce corner, couseling and referral services, information giving, demonstration of rehabilitation-aid equipment and social recreational activities (GovHK, 2006). Although there are holistic intervention programs for the caregiver of dementia person in Hong Kong, we find that those programs maily focus on how to better care for the dementia people. After analyzing the challenges faced by family caregivers above, it is necessary to put emphasis on the carers as well. Secondly, prevention programs or services for carers of people with dementia which is diagnosed at the first stage are mentioned little. However, the prevention is important for carers as they may know the difficulties early and have the psychological preparation for all the possible challenges in order to provide better service for patients or supportive strength for themselves. Thirdly, the majority of intervention programs aim at primary caregivers. Nevertheless, according to the systemic family perspective (Yan, 2003), family is ecological. Although the primary caregiver is responsible for the daily care of the dementia elder, all family members will experience stresses. In ord er to establish a new equilibrium of family dynamics, roles and relationships, power and boundary restructuring are needed to be adjusted to the changing situation. Therefore, family as a system to be considered when an intervention plan is adopted is necessary and helpful to maintain a harmony and consolidate environment. 2. Policies supported Prior to World War 2, no community-based psychiatric service was available for people with mental illness in Hong Kong. These individuals were put into asylums run by charitable organizations, such as Tung Wah services (Yip, 1998). During 1960s and 1970s, very few community-based facilities, such as half-way houses and sheltered workshops for mentally ill persons were established (Wong, 2006). In 1982, the incident that an acutely psychotic person went into kindergarten, injured, and even killed a number of children created a scare in the community. As a consequence, the Hong Kong government took more responsibility in financing social and vocational rehabilitation services. In the early 1990s, psychiatric inpatient and community rehabilitation services have undergone many changes (Wong, 2006). However, there are several limitation of the mental health care system and policies. First of all is lack of direction and coordination of service. Whereas various political, social, and cultural conditions may have shaped the development and setting of different priorities in different countries, the Hong Kong SAR government still has not established an overall mental health policy to guide the development of mental health services in Hong Kong, even though various mental health acts have been legally endorsed in such countries as the United States, and Canada. Secondly, delivery of mental health services is inadequate. In Hong Kong, the dominant service delivery mode is still largely office-based, with a nine-to-five working schedule. Very few services operated on the weekends and after office hours. Therefore, when caregivers need professional help, their relative with chronic mental illness who is passive to treatment may not be able to receive timely interventions. Thirdly, ther e is a lack of community rehabilitation services. Currently, four government subsidized resource centers are available, but three of these four centers have been funded by the Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong only since October 2003. Moreover, lack of use of informal care is also a limitation. In Hong Kong, only several government-subsidized relative resource centers exist along with a few self-help groups with small memberships. The mental health care system has not fully utilized the resources available from these informal and networks (Wong, 2006). Finally, resources are lack for caregivers of people with dementia. At present, most of the resources in mental health care have been put into services for people with serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, and very few resources have been devoted to establishing services for caregivers of people with mental illness, especially with dementia, within the misunderstanding of dementia as a normal phenomenon among the elderly . Moreover, some social workers may not have the clinical knowledge and skills in mental health to perform psychiatric assessment and counseling for caregivers and their relative with illness. Strategies on how to do prevention and intervention When to intervene? According to Rabins (1994), prevention can be categorized into three types: primary prevention, in which a disorder is prevented from occurring; secondary prevention, in which an intervention is provided early when the disorder is identified; and tertiary prevention, in which morbidity occurs, but long-term consequences of disorder are diminished after appropriate intervention (Rabins, 1994). A primary-prevention strategy would aim at families at risk and most current caregiver-intervention studies are secondary- prevention studies. They focus on individuals who have sought help from an organization. Identifying individuals who are at great risk of developing impairment due to social, financial, physical, intrapersonal, or interpersonal resources limit early in the course of caregiving could improve the use of existing services and prevent them from exacerbating more serious problems. Tertiary prevention, that is to minimize the morbidity of individuals who have clearly developed undesirable outcomes because of caregiving (Rabins, 1994). Based on the three phases, different interventions are used. Prevention programs can be applied to the family members with elderly people who might become possible patients or the caregivers of dementia people who have been diagnosed at an early stage. Public education programs about dementias can be useful to those families with elderly people. Also, people need to be encouraged to communicate with dementia patients or their caregivers to understand the possible challenges they may meet which also can be a way to support the existent caregivers. Besides, psycho-education group is another good way to help caregivers which offers support, knowledge and skills training. For the intervention plans, they are mostly applied to the carers who have already faced the difficulties and felt challenged for themselves as well as the patients during the caring. They may encounter the problems from biological and psychological perspectives. Moreover, they face the challenges of lacking family supp ort as well as social support which make them feel suffering. As a result, the following part will introduce the intervention plan for carers of dementia elderly. Different aspects to intervene a. Biological aspect It can be counterproductive for family members to continue caring for their relatives when they are under bad healthy situation, so it is necessary for family caregivers to recharge their energy by taking a break from caring for their relatives. They should be encouraged and helped to establish more fulfilling and interesting social lives or they can choose a relaxer such as aerobics, massage, watching movies with friends (Stehman, Strachan, Glenner, Glenner, Neubauer, 1996). Moreover, some skills such as Body scan (Stehman, et al., 1996) can calm the caregiver down when he or she feels stressful or has tight tension. Regular body examination is necessary for the carers as well. b. Psychological aspects According to psychological problems of caregivers, the most serious points are distress, low self-efficacy which can lead to depression and anger during the caring process (Gallagher-Thompson, 1994). When counseling with the carers, listening is valuable to them as they always need someone to listen to their feelings and experience which is a way of release (Marshall Tibbs, 2006). Moreover, using psycho-educational intervention programs can be helpful in which two programs were developed. One is Increasing Life Satisfaction, the one that focused on handling depression by increasing the frequency of engagement in pleasant activities, and the other one is Coping with Frustration which aims at anger-management skills and reducing the frequency as well as intensity of anger feelings (Gallagher-Thompson, 1994). Both of the two programs are developed from cognitive-behavioral perspective. And the duration can be last 10 sessions at three-month intervals between every three sessions. Secondly, other caregiver training programs which provide support to enhance positive emotion are always needed. The training shares two major goals: to improve caregivers ability to cope with the stress of caregiving and to empower caregivers by developing problem-solving strategies (Kaplan, 1996). The ability of solving problems when caring often relates to the cognitive status and will influence the stress level. Another pivotal aim is to increase the self-efficacy of carers. Since self-efficacy of caregivers relates to their physical and mental health and high level of depression may lead to low self-efficacy and more burden to caregivers, it is particularly significant to enhance the self-efficacy of caregivers (Fortinsky, Kulldorff, Kleppinger, Kenyon-Pesce, 2009). In a word, efficient intervention to help caregivers improve their problem-solving skills and thus enhance self-efficacy and reduce the stress as well as negative emotion such as guilty or anger is important when considering the psychological aspect. c. Family support As mentioned before, balanced family dynamics and support from other members are benefit to both the patient and the caregiver. Intervention programs that attempt to help the family members develop proper attitudes toward their relatives, acquire basic information on the day-to-day management of their relatives, improve communication skills are found to be useful. Indeed, it is necessary for the worker to see family members as partners and resources in the care of people with dementia disease. Family therapy (Marshall Tibbs, 2006) is traditionally practised in dysfunctional families and usually it is useful when families are under stress. Viewing dementia as a family problem rather than a problem for a single person, or the person and the carer, can be very constructive. In the family system, normally there are some subsytems such as siblings relationship, parent-child relationship, and marital relationship. And when one of the members have demetia problem, conflict or argument arises under the stressful environment. Under this circumstances, better communication and intimate relationship help to cope with the crisis (Quinn Herndon, 1986). The family had a clear but flexible boundary, which allowed other systems come in to provide assistance. The family members were also flexible in adjusting different roles and positioning in the family to achieve stability. So having family counseling, and involve all the possible members to discuss and share with each other is importa nt. Under the agreement, the members can support each other and the burden or emotional problem can be eased. d. Social support Caregiver support groups throughout the community to help people better cope with complex issues is necessary like the groups provided by Alzheimers Community Care (Caregiver Support Groups, 2010). Besides, it concludes one special service called 24-hour crisis line to provide crisis intervention. Such kind of intervention is quite useful because it will stabilize and coordinate emergency resources and advocate for the patient and caregiver. Moreover, it ensures the patient to achieve the optimum level of functioning, enabling the patient to remain in the least restrictive setting. Educational support group is an intervention used by the majority of the programs. The objectives are to help caregivers develop knowledge about dementia and the process of caring for someone with the disease; to assist caregivers to learn about the resources and services available to them and to support them in their experience of caregiving and in their need for self-care. Small groups of less than fifteen people can be offered to deepen and personalize the knowledge gained through the seminars. Caregivers feel more at ease to raise their concerns and questions. Moreover, workers can have the time to address concerns and issues selected from them. Enhanced Home and community services (EHCCS) program provided by Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong and Carer support Group organized by Hong Kong Alzheimer`s Disease Association offer such kind of platform for carers. Caregivers can get professional resources and emotional support from the sharing of experienced carers. Besides, resp ite care (Lawton, 1994) allows caregiver to be temporarily relieved of the responsibility for care. It qualifes as a broad generalized intervention because it supplies the wherewithal of time for the caregiver to do whatever he or she wishes-a ture open-ended intervention. Moreover, case management services provided by community help caregivers to negotiate the social services or health care system. Through this way, multiple professionals can be gethered to support and meet the needs of caregivers and patients. At last, social workers also can help through home visiting and offering couseling. During the helping process, communication skills and techniques such as nomalization, attending and miracle questions are needed to encourage caregivers to share and express their negative emotions and thus to assess the caregivers problem and help. When doing the couseling, music and art therapy can be an opportunity for carers to enjoy and improve the quality of life. 3. Suggestion for policies First of all, the provision of psychiatric care involves such different departments as health care, social services, education, and vocational training, and involves different professionals such as psychiatrists, occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers. Different operation units have their own sets of criteria and procedures for accepting service user. It is easy to appreciate the difficulties and confusion family members face when accessing the mental health care system. Therefore, a systemic, comprehensive health care policy should be established, which provide the family caregivers with information on the various services available and secure the services for his or her relative. Secondly, since a large number of mentally ill individuals live with their family, and some these family members have taken up the caring roles, the government has the responsibility to provide resources and funding to support these family members. In essence, if family members can adequately perform their caring roles, it may reduce the chance of their relatives relapse and consequently fewer hospitalizations will occur. Finally, in order to increase the familys functioning of caring the dementia people in Hong Kong, the government needs to administer more resources to agencies that provide individual and group counseling for caregivers of people suffering from serious and mild psychiatric illness. Conclusion