Reflections On The Things They Essay examples -- essays research paper

Reflections on "The Things They Carried" Analyzing the story’s craftsmanship Tim O’Brien wrote a story that is known as "The Things They Carried." It is a carefully crafted, detailed account of a Lieutenant and his men, the time period being right in the middle of the Vietnam war. In most war stories the author spends most of his or her time describing actions and events to the reader, trying to really put the reader "right there" in the middle of everything that is happening. However, O’Brien drifts away from that trend here, hardly describing any events of importance to any one but me sign. Rather, he focuses on the thoughts of the soldiers, the inner feelings, small personal day dreams and strange things that really describe the men. Being out in the wilderness, far from home or anything they recognize, these men must deal with the mental and physical stresses of war, when they jion the army I see it as signing away there souls they are then asked to murder people over st upid issues. Here is where O’Brien starts up his literary art form. One thing that was interesting to mention is that I noticed when reading the story is the fact that the story is written in third person. The narrator is not actually in the story, merely telling us of the events, and yet we still get to see inside Lt. Cross’s mind to more accurately picture his feelings. The narrator also, although letting us see the innermo...

Media Development Theory Essay

Media theory refers to the complex of social-political-philosophical principles which organize ideas about the relationship between media and society. Within this is a type of theory called `normative theory’, which is concerned with what the media ought to be doing in society rather than what they actually do. In general, the dominant ideas about the obligations of mass media will be consistent with other values and arrangements in a given society. Conceptualizing Media Development Theory according to different scholars †¢ According to Siebert et al (1956) in their book Four Theories of the Press, â€Å"the press takes on the form and coloration of the social and political structures within which it operates†. The press and other media, in their view, will reflect the â€Å"basic beliefs and assumptions that the society holds†. In the western liberal tradition, this refers to matters such as freedom, equality before the law, social solidarity and cohesion, cultural diversity, active participation, and social responsibility. Different cultures may have different principles and priorities. †¢ Although normative theory of the press is now in a considerable state of uncertainty, not least because of changes in the media and the rise of new media forms, we can still identify certain broad traditions of thought about the rights and responsibilities of media in society and the degree to which a â€Å"society† may legitimately intervene to protect the public interest. †¢ Development media theory is applying in countries at lower levels of economic development and with limited resources that takes various forms but essentially proposes †¢ Media freedom under desirable conditions favoring the ones in power †¢ It demands that most institutes should be subordinated of necessity to the requirements of The need for introducing Media Development Theory Goals of development media theory It emphasizes the following goals: †¢ The primacy of the national development task. †¢ The pursuit of cultural and informational autonomy. †¢ Support for democracy †¢ Solidarity with other developing countries. †¢ Government agencies. †¢ Monitor training and licensing of media practitioners. †¢ Control development of media institutions. †¢ Regularly censor-media content before distribution. †¢ Issue regular guidelines for day-to-day operation of media Although different degree of self regulation is encouraged, media practitioners are not trusted by government officials to carry out their responsibilities without guidance and constant monitoring. The need of Media Development Theory †¢ The underlying fact behind the genesis of this theory was that there can be no development without communication. Under the four classical theories, capitalism was legitimized, but under the Development communication theory, or Development Support Communication as it is otherwise called, the media undertook the role of carrying out positive developmental programmes, accepting restrictions and instructions from the State. †¢ The media subordinated themselves to political, economic, social and cultural needs. Hence the stress on â€Å"development communication† and â€Å"development journalism† There was tacit support from the UNESCO for this theory. The weakness of this theory is that â€Å"development† is often equated with government propaganda.

How Has Popular Recreation Influenced Sport and Pastimes in the 21st Century

How has popular recreation influenced sport and pastimes in the 21st century? Popular recreation was pre-industrial sports and pastimes mainly associated with the peasant/lower class. This could also refer to popular past times at that time. Pre industrial popular recreation accurately reflected society and life in pre industrial Britain. The different activities and sports were supported by a strict class system (The feudal system) sometimes they shared activities such as cock fighting, sometimes they took part in different activities, mob football was predominately lower class and past time such as lawn tennis were upper class. In some cases the different classes had different roles within the sport, for example in hunting the upper class would take part in the actual hunt and the lower class would organise the dogs and tend to the animals. Bare knuckle boxing Bare knuckle boxing was a popular sport that has heavily influenced modern day boxing. Like many pre industrial past times bare knuckle boxing was simple with very primitive methods, had very few rules and was violent which reflected the harsh eighteenth century rural life. It was one of few sports in which upper and lower classes were involved. Some members of the gentry sponsored a lower class fighter and they became their patron. The patron would arrange the contest, put up a stake or wager money and give board and lodging to the performer. The fighters were usually from very poor background and this gave them a chance to earn money fame and status. The patron however did this for prestige and popularity. Modern day boxing is similar in many ways to bare knuckle boxing; there are accepted rules such as not striking a downed opponent, In 1853 London prize fighting ring rules were introduced which stated that fights had to take place in a 24 feet square ring, if the fighter was knocked down he had thirty seconds to rise to his feet and biting, head butting and hitting below the belt were declared fouls. These rules are still in place today but the fundamental difference is boxing gloves and mouth guards for safety and head guards for amateur boxers Lawn tennis Lawn tennis is a variation of the modern game today that is known as tennis. Lawn tennis originated in Britain and was a combination of the game rackets and the Spanish ball game peolta. It was developed and played exclusively by the upper class and had a clear set of rules and etiquette. It wasn’t accessible by the lower classes as they had neither the money nor equipment to become involved. It was created in the mid 19th century just at the start of the industrial revolution. The rules of tennis have been kept largely similar to modern day tennis although like many other past times the equipment has changed as materials became more readily available for inventors to modernise the game. The original rackets were wooden and prone to breakages were as now the rackets are made of carbon-fibre and are lightweight. Mob football Mob football was a mediaeval form of what is now known as association football  which emerged in Europe during the middle Ages. Mob football was very simple with no rules and huge number of players, and any means could be used to move the ball to a goal, as long as it did not lead to manslaughter or murder. These early games of football  were forerunners of modern codes of football such as rugby football  and association football. The origins of the game is not clear but by the Middle Ages these games had generally become annual celebrations and had a tendency to become quite rowdy. Mob football would have more resembled a  riot  than any of its descendants. The sport usually involved groups of men from two connecting villages (or two groups from either end of a single village) fighting to move a ball from one side to the other. The game was associated with the lower classes and frowned upon by upper classes and more so by royalty. A number of monarchs prohibited the sport as it's lack of rules did not accurately reflect Christian life. Each town or village would have played a slightly different game with rules that were not written down. The events were held on public holidays such as  Shrove Tuesday  when men would have been given the day off work. The sport can still be witnessed in some parts of the  United Kingdom, notably Ashbourne where the annual Shrovetide football game attracts people from all around the world. Cruel sports In the 18th century life was tough for peasants and their past times echoed this. Bear baiting, dog fighting and cock fighting were just some of the cruel, violent past times that took place in pre- industrial Britain. Many of these past times took place in the inn’s yard as it was a one of the only ways to socialise as there were very few methods of communication. They were a place for locals to do business, socialize and were a stopping station for coaches. The landlords provided equipment and set up a number of games to boost customer and profit. Many sporting clubs used the pubs as there base and this is still evident today with pubs having pool, darts and football teams. Pubs helped the development and spread of sports around Britain. Religion has been a key factor in the development of sport in Britain. The reformation caused the creation of two new types of Christian religion, Protestantism and Puritanism as well as the original Roman Catholics but after the break away from Rome, the catholic way of life disappeared from Britain. As a result of the English reformation Puritans emerged and they were fiercely against excess, unruliness and drinking associated with contempory recreations. This was a bleak time for recreation in Britain but this only lasted for a short time and Protestantism became prominent and leisure was restored but only for work purposes. The military has also influenced modern day sport and past times. Combat skills such as archery and fencing were originally functional and used in battle but over time these became recreational and with the development of guns, lost their functions. They remain relatively unchanged and archery is an Olympic event and professional sport. Are there illegal activities still continuing? Bare knuckle boxing is now illegal and has been for many years but there is still an underground movement and also many cruel sports such as bear-baiting , dog fighting and cock fighting still unfortunately take place. It was banned in the UK in 1835 but is still present in many less developed countries in the world particularly Latin America. Conclusion Popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain has greatly influenced modern sport as the origins are evident in many sports such as mob football becoming association football and bare knuckle boxing becoming boxing. The popular past times were generally basic with few rules with the exception of lawn tennis and cricket which were developed by the upper class and these led to many variations such as mob football developing into rugby and rugby in turn forming rugby union and rugby league. Without these pre industrial past times many of the modern sports would not have been developed.